Metabolic and Antioxidant Responses of Different Control Methods to the Interaction of Sorghum sudangrass hybrids-Colletotrichum boninense
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Initial Screening of Chemical Fungicides
2.2. Screening Results of Bacterial Biocides
2.3. Screening Results of Fungicides
2.4. Measurement of Biomass of Different Treatment Groups Treating Sorghum sudangrass hybrids Seedlings
2.5. Analysis of Enzyme Activities in Different Treatment Groups of Treated Sorghum sudangrass hybrids Seedlings
2.6. Metabolomic Analysis
3. Discussion
3.1. Plant Fungal Disease Control Tools Are Diverse
3.2. Antioxidant Enzymes Have an Important Role in Plant Response to Pathogen Stress
3.3. The Influence of Different Treatment Methods on the Important Metabolites of Sorghum sudangrass hybirds
3.4. Amino Acid Metabolism, Secondary Metabolism of Flavonoids and the Jasmonic Acid Pathway May Exert Disease-Resistant Effects
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Trial Material
4.2. Screening of Chemical Fungicides
4.3. Screening of Biological Fungicides
4.4. Potting Trials
4.5. Measurements of Plant Physiological Parameters
4.6. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Assay
4.7. Sample Preparation of Non-Targeted Metabolome of Sorghum sudangrass hybrids Leaves
4.8. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The best chemical inhibitor was zalfexam, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 mg/mL. Among the choices of biocides were the highest inhibition rate of Bacillus velezensis, where X7 could reach 51.85%, and the highest inhibition rate of Trichoderma harzianum, which was 80.56%.
- Trichoderma harzianum-treated group M showed an increase in both POD and chitinase enzyme activities, zalfexam-treated group HX showed an increase in SOD, POD, and chitinase enzyme activities to defend against the aggression, and the Bacillus velezensis-treated group X7 only showed a significant increase in POD enzymes. This study concludes that all three groups exhibited antioxidant capacities; however, SOD was identified as the primary free radical scavenger, with a significant enhancement in activity observed in group M. Therefore, it can be concluded that group M had a more pronounced influence on antioxidant enzyme properties.
- The common pathway of the four groups CK vs. ZB, X7 vs. ZB, M vs. ZB, and HX vs. ZB, is glutamate–arginine and tryptophan metabolism, and three of the treatment groups (X7, M, and HX groups) are resistant to stress. The X7 group reduces reactive oxygen species and improves plant disease resistance through tyrosine metabolism, pinocembrin production, and AA up-regulation. The M group responds to ROS and bolster plant resistance via its glutathione–ascorbic acid and tyrosine metabolism, along with the up-regulation of jasmonic acid-salicylic acid (JA-SA) and the production of ferulic acid and cilostazol, which collectively contribute to stress mitigation by eliminating ROS and improving plant disease resistance. In contrast, the HX group primarily increases jasmonic acid content and the production of ferulic acid and cilostazol to withstand stress.
- This study demonstrates that the combination of bacterial inhibition observed during plate culture, plant growth indices, alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities, and key metabolic pathways indicates that group M, treated with Trichoderma harzianum, is more effective for disease control and enhances plant resistance to stress.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item | Traetments | 3 d Diameter | Anti-Fungal Rate | 7 d Diameter | Anti-Fungal Rate | 15d Diameter | Anti-Fungal Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
zalfexam | 0.1 mg/mL | 1.200 ± 0.1000 a | 74–76% | 2.767 ± 0.3215 a | 66.11–72.55% | - | - |
5 mg/mL | 0.000 b | 100% | 1.767 ± 0.2082 b | 77.35–82.65% | - | - | |
10 mg/mL | 0.000 b | 100% | 0.000 c | 100% | - | - | |
pyraclostrobin | 0.1 mg/mL | 1.337 ± 0.09609 a | 68.90–71.71% | 3.457 ± 0.09292 a | 54.53–57.55% | - | - |
5 mg/mL | 0.7000 ± 0.1000 b | 86.22–82.74% | 2.2000 ± 0.1000 b | 71.35–72.73% | - | - | |
10 mg/mL | 0.6167 ± 0.04509 b | 84.76–87.7% | 1.800 ± 0.2000 c | 75.15–79.15% | - | - | |
20 mg/mL | 0.000 c | 100% | 0.000 d | 100% | - | - | |
thiophanate- methyi | 0.1 mg/mL | 0.7000 ± 0.000 a | 78.79% | 1.333 ± 0.1528 a | 79.36–83.60% | - | - |
5 mg/mL | 0.7333 ± 0.05774 a | 76.03–79.53% | 1.133 ± 0.05774 ab | 83.46–85.06% | - | - | |
10 mg/mL | 0.6667 ± 0.05774 a | 78.05–81.54% | 1.033 ± 0.05774 b | 84.85–86.45% | - | - | |
20 mg/mL | 0.000 b | 100% | 0.000 c | 100% | - | - | |
mancozeb | 0.1 mg/mL | 1.833 ± 0.2082 a | 55.62–64.68% | 5.233 ± 0.6807 a | 24.19–41.66% | - | - |
5 mg/mL | 0.000 b | 100% | 3.067 ± 0.2082 b | 58.01–63.35% | - | - | |
10 mg/mL | 0.000 b | 100% | 0.000 c | 100% | - | - | |
X7 | - | 2.300 ± 0.2000 a | 46.80–55.32% | 4.800 ± 0.7550 a | 33.87–51.85% | 6.367 ± 0.2082 a | 26.944–31.576% |
X15 | - | 3.033 ± 0.1528 ab | 32.21–38.71% | 5.400 ± 0.9644 a | 24.24–47.2% | 7.700 ± 0.3606 b | 7.307–11.939% |
X12 | - | 2.633 ± 0.5132 ab | 33.05–54.89% | 6.000 ± 1.044 a | 16.14–41% | 8.167 ± 0.1528 c | 4.169–5.45% |
X21 | - | 3.167 ± 0.2517 b | 27.26–37.98% | 6.000 ± 0.3000 a | 25–32.14% | 8.000 ± 0.1000 d | 4.44–6.66% |
Z7 | - | 3.683 ± 0.2843 ab | −10.1–5.5% | 8.500 ± 0.5000 a | 0–1.1% | - | - |
Z8 | - | 2.300 ± 0.6245 a | 13.72–39.98% | 3.500 ± 2.166 b | 37.05–85.17% | - | - |
Z9 | - | 3.967 ± 0.9238 a | −35.85–15.47% | 7.603 ± 0.7071 a | 7.66–23.38% | - | - |
Z19 | - | 4.20 0± 0.9341 b | −42.62–9.28% | 7.150 ± 0.7858 a | 11.86–29.26% | - | - |
Trichoderma harzianum | - | 2.167 ± 0.2754 a | 32.17–47.45% | 1.867 ± 0.1258 b | 77.86–80.65% | - | - |
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Groups | Plant Height (cm) | Number of Roots (Pieces) | Root Length (cm) | Root Volume (mL) | Leaf Length (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 49.50 ± 2.179 a | 6.667 ± 1.528 a | 7.333 ± 1.528 a | 0.04333 ± 0.005774 a | 34.33 ± 3.215 a |
ZB | 34.33 ± 9.018 b | 5.000 ± 1.000 a | 6.067 ± 1.290 a | 0.01667 ± 0.005774 a | 19.00 ± 5.568 b |
M | 51.83 ± 4.537 a | 5.333 ± 1.155 a | 7.067 ± 1.888 a | 0.06000 ± 0.01732 a | 37.00 ± 2.646 a |
X7 | 49.50 ± 2.179 a | 7.667 ± 1.155 a | 8.333 ± 2.255 a | 0.05667 ± 0.02887 a | 36.83 ± 3.547 a |
HX | 50.00 ± 2.179 a | 6.000 ± 1.732 a | 13.93 ± 6.361 a | 0.06000 ± 0.02646 a | 35.07 ± 3.614 a |
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Xu, J.; Li, J.; Wang, H.; Liu, X.; Gao, Z.; Chen, J.; Han, Y. Metabolic and Antioxidant Responses of Different Control Methods to the Interaction of Sorghum sudangrass hybrids-Colletotrichum boninense. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179505
Xu J, Li J, Wang H, Liu X, Gao Z, Chen J, Han Y. Metabolic and Antioxidant Responses of Different Control Methods to the Interaction of Sorghum sudangrass hybrids-Colletotrichum boninense. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179505
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Jingxuan, Junying Li, Hongji Wang, Xinhao Liu, Zhen Gao, Jie Chen, and Yuzhu Han. 2024. "Metabolic and Antioxidant Responses of Different Control Methods to the Interaction of Sorghum sudangrass hybrids-Colletotrichum boninense" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179505