The Many Faces of Cyclodextrins within Self-Assembling Polymer Nanovehicles: From Inclusion Complexes to Valuable Structural and Functional Elements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Considerations on Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins
3. Drug Delivery
Carrier | Responsiveness | Drug | Size (PDI)/ ζ Potential | DL% | Cell Line/ Animal Model | Remarks | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD copolymers | |||||||
βCD-pCL | pH-sensitive ester bonds | Curcumin | 150 nm (0.07) −15.8 mV | 20 | HeLa in vitro and in vivo (heterotopic xenograft) | Significant in vitro cell growth and in vivo tumor inhibition. Improved cancer cell uptake and tumor accumulation via FA cell targeting | [53] |
βCD-PEG-Chol | - | Curcumin | Empty: 147 nm (<0.25) Loaded: 121 nm (<0.25) | 62 | HepG2 in vitro | Encapsulated curcumin attenuated oxidative stress in vitro. Improved in vitro anticancer activity observed. In LPS-induced inflammation in vitro model, encapsulated curcumin reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNα). | [54] |
(Dex-SS)n-βCD-(PCL)14 (FA-Dex-SS)-βCD-(PCL)14 | GSH-sensitive disulfide (SS) bridge | Doxorubicin and SPIO (diagnostic) | Empty: 66 nm (0.12) Loaded: 127 nm | 10 (Dox) 11 (SPIO) | HepG2 in vitro | (FA-Dex-SS)-βCD-(PCL)14 demonstrated higher antiproliferative activity than (Dex-SS)n-βCD-(PCL)14 or micelles without the SS linker. Therapeutic efficiency of micellar Dox lower than free Dox | [56] |
βCD-PAMAM 3G | - | NO | - | - | Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in vitro biofilms. S. aureus in vivo model of chronic rhinosinusitis | Dendron incorporation significantly prolonged NO half-life (from 3 s in small molecule prodrugs to 30 min in dendron). Efficient inhibition and degradation of bacterial biofilms in vitro and in vivo after intranasal spray. Reduced inflammation of nasal cavity. No local or systemic adverse effects observed. | [58] |
DSPE-mPEG2k-FA/NH2Pr-CD-C12 | pH-sensitive | Ginsenoside Rg3 and quercetin (1:1) * | Co-loaded: 110 nm (0.3) 6 mV | 12 (Rg3) 6 (Querc) | CT26 in vitro and orthotopic CT26-Luc in vivo | ~90% of drugs released after 48 h at acidic pH. Co-loaded formulations stable up to a week. Increased antiproliferative and antimetastatic activity of drug combination. Induced ICD, TME remodeling in vivo. | [62] |
NH2Pr-CD-C12 | Melarsoprol | Loaded: 110 nm (0.32) 9 mV | 11 | Hepa1–6 (murine hepatocellular) in vitro and orthotopic in vivo | TME remodeling in vivo. Enhanced immunotherapy activity of anti-PD-L1. ~90% of drug released after 24 h at acidic pH (50% at pH 7.4). Increased antiproliferative and apoptotic activity of encapsulated drug. Improved tumor accumulation and antitumor activity when compared with FA-free formulation. | [63] | |
R7-CD-Man14 | ATP-sensitive | Norfloxacin | Empty: 264 nm Loaded: 302 nm | 11 | E. coli in vitro and in vivo model of abdominal sepsis | Complete release of drug within 11 h upon ATP exposure. Better biocompatibility than PEG-based controls. Drug-loaded nanorods exhibit superior antibacterial activity in tested models than empty rods or free drug. | [64] |
Host-guest amphiphiles | |||||||
Sulfonamide-βCD and Mtx-SS-Ad | GSH-sensitive disulfide bridge | Methotrexate | 78 nm (0.245) 11.6 mV | 14.2 | 78 nm (0.245) 11.6 mV | Sulfonamide-based targeting improved cancer cell sensitivity towards Mtx. Cytotoxicity toward normal cells similar to CaCo-2 and A549 cancer cells | [65] |
[PHEMA-g-(PCL-BM:βCD-star-PMAA-b-PNIPAM)] (w/w 1:3) | pH (PMAA)- and thermo (NIPAM)-sensitive | Doxorubicin | 9.7 | MCF-7 in vitro | Increased efficacy of encapsulated Dox (8.3 vs. 1.75 μg/mL for encapsulated and free Dox, respectively) | [66] | |
Pc-CD:Fc-PEG | Ad-QRH * | Pc | 141 nm (0.134) | - | EGFR-overexpressed HT29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma) in vitro and in vivo (heterotopic xenograft) | Significantly higher photodynamic activity in EGFR-sensitive cells pretreated with Ad-QRH *. Anticancer activity in cells without pretreatment indicates micelle degradation followed by Pc activation. Intravenous administration followed by intratumoral Ad-QRH * application increased tumor fluorescence intensity 5-fold, and NIR irradiation completely eradicated tumors. | [68] |
HSPC/βCD-NHC12H25:Cpt-SS-CD:Cpt-SS-cRGDfk | GSH-sensitive disulfide bridge | Ce6 (PDT) Cpt-SS-CD | Empty: 24 nm Loaded: Ce6 25 nm Ce6 + Cpt 112 nm (Cpt-SS-CD: Cpt-SS-cRGDfk 90:1) 3.9 mV | Ce6 3.2 Cpt 4.4 | U87 in vitro and in vivo (heterotopic xenograft) | GSH-sensitive Cpt release combined with photodynamic therapy resulted in synergistic anticancer activity. Improved biodistribution of cRGDfk-labelled dandelions when compared to free drugs. | [69] |
AM7CD-HAAd | Enzyme-sensitive | Chlorambucil | Empty: 82 nm (0.21); −40.2 mV Loaded: 188 nm (0.27); −19.4 mV | 9.4 | A549 in vitro | Increased efficacy of encapsulated chlorambucil. Upon HAse exposure, 90% of drug released within 12 h. Strong ATP binding of AM7CD. | [70] |
CD-TPE:Dox | pH-sensitive | Doxorubicin | 165 nm | 67 | A549 in vitro and 4T1 in vivo syngeneic breast cancer model | Under mild acidic conditions (pH 5.4), 70% of Dox was released due to Dox protonation and solubility shift. After 24 h exposure in vitro antiproliferative activity lower than free Dox. CD-TPE:Dox was more efficient than free Dox in reducing tumor size (6.27 vs. 4.15 mm3). | [71] |
Polyrotaxanes | |||||||
Cur/βCD | - | Camptothecin | Empty: 27 nm Loaded: 32 nm | 1.2 | Human hepatoblastoma HepG2 in vitro and murine breast 4T1 in vitro and in vivo | Cur-CD PR assembled upon Cur helix renaturation in 28% yield in a CD concentration-dependent manner. PR micelles significantly reduced breast tumors in vivo. | [75] |
HA/αCD-PEG2k | pH-sensitive | Paclitaxel | Loaded: 395 nm (0.16) −15.2 mV | - | HUVEC human normal endothelial cells (2D in vitro) Human A549 lung cancer cells (2D and 3D in vitro) | Micelles stable over 5 days under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) with pH-dependent drug release (90% at pH and 70% at 7.4 within 52 h). Similar in vitro activity to free drug observed in cancer cells but reduced toxicity in normal cells. Micelles demonstrated better cancer cell spheroid penetrability than free probe. | [76] |
PLys(BM)/αCD-PEG5k | pH- and redox-sensitive | Chlorin e6 | 120 nm (0.16) −3 mV | - | Human hepatoma LM3 cells (in vitro and in vivo heterotopic xenograft) | Reductive release and activation of Ce6 and led to production of ROS upon laser stimuli. De-capping of protonated BM under reduced pH (6.5) improved cell uptake. Improved in vitro and in vivo antitumor photodynamic effect when compared to free photosensitizer. | [77] |
mPEG2k-PLGA5k/αCD-It PPR | GSH-sensitive | Oxaliplatin-desmethyl naproxen prodrug | 190 nm (0.2) −19.7 mV | - | Murine CT-26 colorectal cancer cells (in vitro and in vivo) HT-29 and HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells (in vitro) | Improved and cell-dependent in vitro anti-cancer activity when compared with free Oxa or formulation without It. COX2 suppression and GSH sequestration enhanced Oxa efficacy. Unlike Oxa, formulation was well tolerated in animal model. It was accompanied by strong anti-tumor activity. | [52] |
4. Peptide and Protein Delivery
Carrier | Responsiveness | Protein | Size (PDI)/ ζ Potential | DL% | Cell Line/Animal Model | Remarks | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPSVSS PPSVSS | Enzyme- and GSH-sensitive | Phalloidin (heptapeptide; staining) α-amanitin (octapeptide; anticancer) | ~125 nm/ −14 to −7 mV 145 nm/ −15 mV | - | HeLa (cancer) and HUVEC (endothelial) in vitro | Background cargo leakage observed for the model dye cargo but was not investigated for the biological cargo. Bioactive peptide cargo colocalized into the cytoplasm and inhibited cell proliferation (cancer and endothelial). | [81] |
βCD-C8 βCD-C12 | - | SFL; SFL-c | C8-SFL: 178 nm (0.08) C12-SFL: 129 nm (0.1) C8-SFLc: 358 nm (0.22); C12-SFLc:: 287 nm (0.17) (w/w βCD/peptide 1:10) ~−35 mV all | - | IC-22 macrophages and BMDC in vitro | Encapsulated peptides induced DC maturation and were presented on surface MHC I. Lower DC maturation by SFL-c might indicate the need for intracellular decapping for MHC I presentation. In vivo stimulation with βCD-C87:SFL-c induced a faster and stronger response of CD8+ T cells than βCD-C87:SFL or control poly(I:C)-adjuvanted SFL. | [82] |
βCD-(DIBO-Lys)7 | - | BSA DNase I Nrf2 | ~150 nm - 80 nm/−15 mV | 14 20 - | HeLa in vitro (DNase I) Hepatocytes in vitro (Nrf2) APAP-induced in vivo hepatic injury murine model | βCD-(DIBO-Lys)7 colocalized proteins in nucleus. Therapeutic DNase I caused HeLa cell apoptosis. Therapeutic Nrf2 triggered antioxidative response in hepatocytes exposed to H2O2 and in in vivo model of hepatic toxicity after intravenous administration. | [83] |
βCD-(DIBO- Lys)7 | Sod Cat | 156 nm (βCD-(DIBO-Lys)7/Sod/Cat w/w/w 8:1:1) 3.5 mV | - | RAW264.7 in vitro DSS-induced in vivo murine colitis model | Synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of encapsulated Sod and Cat on secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. After oral administration Sod/Cat/βCD-(DIBO-Lys)7 accumulated in inflamed colon and attenuated colitis symptoms. | [84] |
5. Nucleic Acid Delivery
Carrier | Functionalization | NA | Size (PDI)/ ζ Potential | Cell Line/Animal Model | Remarks | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NH2Pr-CD-C12/DSPE-mPEG2kPEG/DSPE-mPEG2kM2pep | M2pep | CSF-1R siRNA | 252 nm (0.25) 10.8 mV (w/w NH2Pr-CD-C12/siRNA 10:1) | Human THP1 and RAW 264.7 murine monocytes Human PC-3 and murine TRAMP-C1 prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo (heterotopic xenograft) | Complexed siRNA stable up to 24 h in 50% serum. M2pep significantly increased M2 uptake, reduction of CSF-1R mRNA (~50%), and reprogramming to M1 (~50%). Production of M1 factors was accompanied by cancer cell apoptosis. Increased tumor accumulation was observed 12 h after administration (3.5-fold) when compared with non-targeted formulation. Reduction of tumor was accompanied by immune remodeling of TME, and redistribution of immune cells and factors was observed. | [93] |
NH2Pr-CD-C12/ DSPE-mPEG2kPEG/ C18-PEG-SA | SA | CSF-1R siRNA | 246 nm 29 mV | Human THP1 and RAW 264.7 murine monocytes Human PC-3 and murine TRAMP-C1 prostate cancer cells in vitro | Insertion of PEG and SA had no impact on siRNA complexation. PEGylation prevented CDplex aggregation under physiological conditions. SA ligand improved macrophage uptake and reduced targeted mRNA expression, resulting in reprograming M2 (50%). M1 cytokines increased apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. | [94] |
NH2Pr-CD-C12/ C12-CD-SO3 | - | KAT2 siRNA | 161 nm (0.16) and 24 mV (vs. 164 nm (0.46) and 34 mV for NH2Pr-CD-C12) | Human HL-60 myeloid leukemia in vitro | Coated polyplex possesses bilayer structure with hydrophobic C12 interactions contributing to polyplex uniformity. Maximal internalization at 6 h (decreased by half at 24 h) | [95] |
TEI7-CD-C1614 | - | p42-MAPK and Rheb siRNA | 170 nm/58 mV 100 nm/25 mV (CDplex) | Human LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells (in vitro). Human U87 MG and rat C6 glioblastoma cells, GL-261 mouse glioma cells (in vitro) | Transfection and mRNA knockdown observed in various cell types. | [101] |
Spermidine-CD:Ad-PVA-PEG | pH sensitive acetal linker | siRNA | 130–260 nm (0.08–0.18) −23–−61 mV | A549 in vitro | Formation of polyplex followed by hydrophilic polymer insertion resulted in more stable CDplexes, while the length of PEG-directed size and ζ. siRNA complexation led to size contraction. | [34] |
Drug-NA co-delivery | ||||||
NH2Pr-CD-C12 NH2Pr-CD-C12/PEG NH2Pr-CD-C12/PEG/FA | FA | Docetaxel RelA siRNA | 100 nm (0.27)/10 mV 122 nm (0.24)/40 mV (PEG) 125 nm (0.26)/9 Mv (PEG/FA) | Murine CT26 CRC line | CD derivatization significantly increased the size of loaded CDplex. pH-dependent drug release observed. Synergistic anticancer activity was observed and was especially pronounced for targeting CDplex. | [98] |
CatCD:Fc-prodrug | H2O2 | MTH1 siRNA Ferrocene | 80 nm (polydisperse) 4.9 mV | HeLa in vitro MDA-MB-23 3D speroid (in vitro) | Oxidation products of Fc-prodrug include ROS and p-quinone methide (GSH scavenger). NPs are taken up by cholesterol-dependent endocytosis and are colocalized within cytoplasm. Fe-siRNA co-delivery improves Fe chemodynamic activity in 2D and 3D in vitro models. | [102] |
βCD-PCL-Ad:βCD-PCL-PDMAEMA | - | Doxorubicin Nur77DDBD pDNA | ~200 nm ~20 mV | Human HepG2/MDR1-Bcl2 hepatoma cells (in vitro) | Complexation improves drug loading and release and is efficient in transfecting MDR cancer cells. Suppression of gene related to drug resistance improved Dox activity. | [103] |
6. Final Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jarak, I.; Ramos, S.; Caldeira, B.; Domingues, C.; Veiga, F.; Figueiras, A. The Many Faces of Cyclodextrins within Self-Assembling Polymer Nanovehicles: From Inclusion Complexes to Valuable Structural and Functional Elements. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179516
Jarak I, Ramos S, Caldeira B, Domingues C, Veiga F, Figueiras A. The Many Faces of Cyclodextrins within Self-Assembling Polymer Nanovehicles: From Inclusion Complexes to Valuable Structural and Functional Elements. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179516
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarak, Ivana, Sara Ramos, Beatriz Caldeira, Cátia Domingues, Francisco Veiga, and Ana Figueiras. 2024. "The Many Faces of Cyclodextrins within Self-Assembling Polymer Nanovehicles: From Inclusion Complexes to Valuable Structural and Functional Elements" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179516