Toxicity and Metabolomic Dysfunction Invoked by Febrifugin, a Harmful Component of Edible Nut of Swietenia macrophylla
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Discovery of Toxic Factors in Swietenia Macrophylla and Its Chemical Constituents
2.2. Developmental Toxicity of Febrifugin
2.3. Metabolic Profile Changes in Zebrafish under Febrifugin Exposure
2.4. Verification of Key Regulatory Genes
2.5. Antioxidant Capacity Related to Energy Metabolism
3. Discussion
3.1. Febrifugin Was a Natural Toxic Component Newly Found in S. macrophylla Seeds
3.2. The Presence of Chorion Did Not Affect the Production of Developmental Toxicity in Febrifugin
3.3. The Metabolic Profile of Zebrafish Exposed to Febrifugin Revealed That Acute Toxicity Was Caused by Interference with Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Materials
4.2. The Process of Isolating and Characterizing the Principal Constituents
4.3. Evaluation of Febrifugin Content in Different Parts of S. macrophylla
4.4. Acute Toxicity Assessment
4.5. Developmental Toxicity Assessment
4.6. Determination of Melanin Content
4.7. Skeletal Development Status
4.8. Preparation of Metabolome Samples, LC-MS/MS Data Collection and Processing
4.9. Determination of SOD, GSH Enzyme Activity, and MDA Content
4.10. ROS Accumulation
4.11. qRT-PCR Assay
4.12. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, X.; Song, Q.; Zheng, H.; Wang, R.; Zhang, Q. Toxicity and Metabolomic Dysfunction Invoked by Febrifugin, a Harmful Component of Edible Nut of Swietenia macrophylla. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9753. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179753
Zhang X, Song Q, Zheng H, Wang R, Zhang Q. Toxicity and Metabolomic Dysfunction Invoked by Febrifugin, a Harmful Component of Edible Nut of Swietenia macrophylla. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9753. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179753
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xiaoyue, Qinyang Song, Hanghang Zheng, Rui Wang, and Qiang Zhang. 2024. "Toxicity and Metabolomic Dysfunction Invoked by Febrifugin, a Harmful Component of Edible Nut of Swietenia macrophylla" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9753. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179753