Wine, Polyphenols, and the Matrix Effect: Is Alcohol Always the Same?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Concepts for the Study of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds
2.1. The Importance of the Phytocomplex
2.2. Vehicle, Matrix and Food Matrix
3. Polyphenols: General Properties and Lipophilic Phenols in Wine
3.1. Bioavailability
3.2. Polyphenols as Wine Matrix Constituents
3.3. Tyrosol, Hydroxytyrosol and Resveratrol
3.3.1. When Matrix Effect Is Respected: The Case of Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol
3.3.2. When Matrix Effect Is Disregarded: Resveratrol
4. Alcohol and Alcoholic Beverages
4.1. Absorption and Metabolism of Ethanol
4.2. Physiological Effects and Toxicity of Alcohol
The Dark Side of the Matrix Effect: Alcohol and Smoke
4.3. When the Matrix Effect Is Ignored: Alcohol Beverages Specificity
5. In Vivo Studies on Polyphenol Biological Activities
Reference | N° of Studies | Treatment | Results | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|
[143] | 12 | Wine (242–94.308 mg/L/die) | ↓ CICAM-1 ↓ VCAM-1 ↓ TNF-α ↓ CCR2 ↑αMβ2 (Mac-1) | Improvement of the markers associated with atherosclerotic inflammation in healthy patients, but not in those with CVD |
[144] | 4 | Red wine vs. white wine and/or other alcoholic beverages | / | Red wine decreased the risk of Alzheimer’s Disease |
[145] | 4 | Grape extract (700–1400 mg/die) | ↓ blood pressure ↑ FMD | Improvement of vascular health, particularly in at risk human populations |
[146] | 11 | Wine (0–84.9 g/die) | / | There is not a statical significant correlation between wine consumption and prostate cancer |
[147] | 9 | Wine (118–300 mL/die) | ↓ total cholesterol ↓ diastolic blood pressure | Improvement of some cardiovascular parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients |
[148] | 99 | Red wine/grape extract (100–2000 mg/die) Red wine (250–400 mL/die) | ↓ total cholesterol ↓ blood pressure ↑ HDL-C ↑ FMD ↓TAGs | Improvement of cardiovascular health Support in the treatment of metabolic disorders |
[149] | 6 | Red wine (moderate consumption, max one glass/die) | / | Decrease in the risk of developing Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, epithelial ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma (Barret’s esophagus) |
6. When Natural Vehicle in Wine Is Targeted: Non-Alcoholic Alternatives to Wine
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADH | Alcohol dehydrogenase |
ALD | Alcohol-related liver disease |
ALDH | Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase |
AMPK | 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
BBB | Blood–brain barrier |
BMD | Bone Mineral Density |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
CYP2E1 | Cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1 |
EFSA | European Food Safety Agency |
EMA | European Medicines Agency |
EtG | Ethyl glucuronide |
EtOH | Ethanol |
EtS | Ethyl sulfate |
FAEE | Fatty acid ethyl ester |
FMD | Flow-Mediated Dilatation |
GABA | Gamma-aminobutyric acid |
H2O | Water |
HDL-C | High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol |
HNC | Head and Neck Cancer |
HTyr | Hydroxytyrosol |
IL | Interleukin |
LDL | Low-Density Lipoprotein |
MCP | Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein |
MeOH | Methanol |
MEOS | Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system |
MUFAs | Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
PEth | Phosphatidylethanol |
PUFAs | Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
Rsv | Resveratrol |
RWE | Red Wine Extract |
TAG | Triacylglycerol |
TNF | Tumor Necrosis Factor |
Tyr | Tyrosol |
USDA | United States Department of Agriculture |
UV | Ultraviolet |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Miraldi, E.; Baini, G.; Biagi, M.; Cappellucci, G.; Giordano, A.; Vaccaro, F.; Bertelli, A.A.E. Wine, Polyphenols, and the Matrix Effect: Is Alcohol Always the Same? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189796
Miraldi E, Baini G, Biagi M, Cappellucci G, Giordano A, Vaccaro F, Bertelli AAE. Wine, Polyphenols, and the Matrix Effect: Is Alcohol Always the Same? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):9796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189796
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiraldi, Elisabetta, Giulia Baini, Marco Biagi, Giorgio Cappellucci, Alessandro Giordano, Federica Vaccaro, and Alberto A. E. Bertelli. 2024. "Wine, Polyphenols, and the Matrix Effect: Is Alcohol Always the Same?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 9796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189796