Differential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Electrostimulation in a Standardized Setting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Question 1: Impact of Time
2.2. Question 2: Impact of Stimuli on Physiological Samples
2.3. Question 3: Effects of Stimuli on Inflamed Samples
2.4. Question 4: Impact of States ( and ) on Stimulus Effects
2.5. Question 5: Differential Impact of Stimuli on PHYS
2.6. Question 6: Differential Impact of Stimuli on INFL
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Design
3.2. Omics
3.2.1. Transcriptomics
3.2.2. Metabolomics
3.3. Differential Analysis
3.3.1. Transcriptomics
3.3.2. Metabolomics
3.4. Enrichment
3.4.1. Transcriptomics
3.4.2. Metabolomics KEGG Enrichment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAM | Complementary and alternative approaches |
WH | Wound Healing |
EMT | Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition |
DC | direct current |
AC | alternative current |
NO | no stimulus |
PHYS | physiological |
INFL | inflamed |
HaCaT | Human keratinocytes cell line |
HFF-1 | human foreskin fibroblast cell line |
TNF- | tumor necrosis factor |
TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation |
DEG | differentially expressed gene |
NES | Normalized enrichment Score |
GSEA | Gene Set Enrichment Analysis |
MSigDB | Molecular Signatures Database |
IFN | interferon |
IL | interleukin |
JAK | Janus kinase |
STAT | signal transducers and activators of transcription |
E2F | E2 Transcription Factor |
KRAS | Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene |
mTORC1 | mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 |
Myc | myelocytomatosis oncogene |
PI3K | phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase |
mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
Akt | protein kinase B |
TGF | transforming growth factor |
Wnt | wingless-related integration site |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
NF-kB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer 0f activated B cells |
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INFL | PHYS | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO | DC | AC | NO | DC | AC | ||||||||||||||||
1V | 5V | 10 Hz | 100 Hz | 1V | 5V | 10 Hz | 100 Hz | ||||||||||||||
t0 | t1 | t48 | t1 | t48 | t1 | t48 | t1 | t48 | t1 | t48 | t0 | t1 | t48 | t1 | t48 | t1 | t48 | t1 | t48 | t1 | t48 |
3/3 | 2/2 | 3/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 2/3 | 2/3 | 2/2 | 3/3 | 3/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 2/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
Question | Contrasts | Effects |
---|---|---|
1. What is the impact of time? | PHYS.1vs0.NO, PHYS.48vs1.NO, PHYS.48vs0.NO, INFL.1vs0.NO, INFL.48vs1.NO, INFL.48vs0.NO, INFLvsPHYS.0.NO, INFLvsPHYS.1.NO, INFLvsPHYS.48.NO |
|
2. What is the impact of stimuli on the physiological state? | PHYS.1.DC1vsNO, PHYS.1.DC5vsNO, PHYS.1.AC10vsNO, PHYS.1.AC100vsNO, PHYS.48.DC1vsNO, PHYS.48.DC5vsNO, PHYS.48.AC10vsNO, PHYS.48.AC100vsNO |
|
3. What is the impact of stimuli on the inflamed state? | INFL.1.DC1vsNO, INFL.1.DC5vsNO, INFL.1.AC10vsNO, INFL.1.AC100vsNO, INFL.48.DC1vsNO, INFL.48.DC5vsNO, INFL.48.AC10vsNO, INFL.48.AC100vsNO |
|
4. Given a stimulus, what is the (differential) impact of the state (INFL, PHYS)? | INFLvsPHYS.1.DC1, INFLvsPHYS.1.DC5, INFLvsPHYS.1.AC10, INFLvsPHYS.1.AC100, INFLvsPHYS.48.DC1, INFLvsPHYS.48.DC5, INFLvsPHYS.48.AC10, INFLvsPHYS.48.AC100 |
|
5. What is the differential impact of stimuli on PHYS? | PHYS.1.DC5vsDC1, PHYS.48.DC5vsDC1, PHYS.1.AC100vsAC10, PHYS.48.AC100vsAC10, PHYS.1.DC5vsAC10, PHYS.1.DC5vsAC100, PHYS.48.DC5vsAC10, PHYS.48.DC5vsAC100, PHYS.1.DC1vsAC10, PHYS.1.DC1vsAC100, PHYS.48.DC1vsAC10, PHYS.48.DC1vsAC100 |
|
6. What is the differential impact of stimuli on INFL? | INFL.1.DC5vsDC1, INFL.48.DC5vsDC1, INFL.1.AC100vsAC10, INFL.48.AC100vsAC10, INFL.1.DC5vsAC10, INFL.1.DC5vsAC100, INFL.48.DC5vsAC10, INFL.48.DC5vsAC100, INFL.1.DC1vsAC10, INFL.1.DC1vsAC100, INFL.48.DC1vsAC10, INFL.48.DC1vsAC100 |
|
Group | Hallmarks |
---|---|
1 Metabolism and homeostasis | Adipogenesis, Bile acid metabolism, Cholesterol homeostasis, Fatty acid metabolism, Heme metabolism, Xenobiotic metabolism |
2 Immune Response and Inflammation | Allograft rejection, Complement, Inflammatory response, IFN- response, IFN- response, IL-2 STAT5 signalling, IL-6 JAK STAT3 signalling, TNF- signalling via NF-B |
3 Cellular Regulation and Proliferation | Androgen response, Apical junction, Apical surface, DNA repair, E2F targets, G2M checkpoint, KRAS signalling down, KRAS signalling up, mitotic spindle, mTORC1 signalling, Myc targets v1, Myc targets v2, NOTCH signalling, p53 pathway, Pancreas -cells, PI3k Akt mTOR signalling |
4 Cellular processes and Development | Angiogenesis, EMT, Estrogen response early, Estrogen response late, Myogenesis, Spermatogenesis, TGF- signalling, Wnt- catenin signalling |
5 Signal Regulation and Stress Response | Apoptosis, Hypoxia, ROS pathway, UV response dn, UV response up |
6 Specialized Functions | Coagulation, Glycolysis, Hedgehog signalling, Oxidative phosphorylation, Peroxisome, Protein Secretion, Unfolded Protein Response |
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Di Pietro, B.; Villata, S.; Dal Monego, S.; Degasperi, M.; Ghini, V.; Guarnieri, T.; Plaksienko, A.; Liu, Y.; Pecchioli, V.; Manni, L.; et al. Differential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Electrostimulation in a Standardized Setting. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9808. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189808
Di Pietro B, Villata S, Dal Monego S, Degasperi M, Ghini V, Guarnieri T, Plaksienko A, Liu Y, Pecchioli V, Manni L, et al. Differential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Electrostimulation in a Standardized Setting. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):9808. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189808
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Pietro, Biagio, Simona Villata, Simeone Dal Monego, Margherita Degasperi, Veronica Ghini, Tiziana Guarnieri, Anna Plaksienko, Yuanhua Liu, Valentina Pecchioli, Luigi Manni, and et al. 2024. "Differential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Electrostimulation in a Standardized Setting" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 9808. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189808