Zeaxanthin and Lutein Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathology: Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Neuroinflammation, and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in an Amyloid-β Rat Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Aβ Accumulation
2.2. Memory Function
2.3. Hippocampal Neuroinflammation, BDNF and CNTF mRNA Expressions, and Insulin Signaling
2.4. Energy Metabolism
2.5. Glucose Metabolism
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Diets
4.2. Passive Avoidance Test
4.3. Water Maze Test
4.4. Oral Glucose Tolerance
4.5. Hyperinsulinemic–Euglycemic Clamp to Assess Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance
4.6. Hyperglycemic Clamp to Determine the Insulin Secretory Capacity
4.7. Brain Immunohistochemistry to Evaluate Amyloid-β Deposition
4.8. Quantitative Realtime PCR and Immunoblotting
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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AD-CON | AD-RVT | AD-ZXT | AD-LTN | Normal-CON | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Triglyceride (ug/mg protein) | 19.4 ± 2.0 a | 17.0 ± 1.6 b | 20.4 ± 1.7 a | 17.2 ± 1.9 b | 17.3 ± 1.8 b |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5.21 ± 0.47 a | 4.20 ± 0.48 b | 5.35 ± 0.49 a | 4.51 ± 0.51 b | 4.60 ± 0.43 b |
Glycogen (mg/dL) | 3.39 ± 0.47 c | 4.44 ± 0.46 ab | 4.28 ± 0.47 b | 4.31 ± 0.41 b | 4.94 ± 0.53 a |
Lipid peroxides (MDA μmol/g tissue) | 0.78 ± 0.08 a | 0.67 ± 0.08 b | 0.57 ± 0.07 c | 0.54 ± 0.07 c | 0.51 ± 0.06 c |
Acetylcholinesterase (U/mg protein) | 0.34 ± 0.05 a | 0.31 ± 0.05 a | 0.22 ± 0.04 b | 0.21 ± 0.04 b | 0.14 ± 0.04 c |
TNF-α content (pg/mg protein) | 12.5 ± 0.93 a | 10.9 ± 0.84 b | 10.4 ± 0.88 bc | 9.72 ± 0.73 c | 10.1 ± 0.84 bc |
IL-1β content (pg/mg protein) | 11.6 ± 0.98 a | 10.4 ± 0.94 b | 9.84 ± 0.89 b | 9.31 ± 0.82 bc | 8.93 ± 0.79 c |
mRNA TNF-α (AU) | 1.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.82 ± 0.09 b | 0.75 ± 0.09 bc | 0.71 ± 0.08 c | 0.73 ± 0.09 c |
mRNA IL-1β (AU) | 1.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.86 ± 0.09 b | 0.73 ± 0.07 c | 0.79 ± 0.08 bc | 0.71 ± 0.08 c |
mRNA BDNF (AU) | 1.0 ± 0.0 c | 1.61 ± 0.22 b | 1.86 ± 0.17 b | 2.44 ± 0.21 a | 2.51 ± 0.07 a |
mRNA CTNF (AU) | 1.0 ± 0.0 c | 1.93 ± 0.27 b | 2.27 ± 0.27 ab | 2.51 ± 0.26 a | 2.60 ± 0.25 a |
AD-CON | AD-RVT | AD-ZXT | AD-LTN | Normal-CON | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Final body weight (g) | 412 ± 10.9 bc | 404 ± 16.5 c | 422 ± 16.2 ab | 424 ± 19.4 ab | 439 ± 13.3 a |
Weight gain (g) | 207 ± 6.02 c | 199 ± 7.13 c | 217 ± 8.42 b | 220 ± 9.9 b | 237 ± 7.23 a |
Visceral fat (g) | 5.43 ± 0.98 | 4.74 ± 0.88 | 5.04 ± 0.86 | 5.57 ± 0.81 | 5.45 ± 0.80 |
Serum TNF-α | 59.5 ± 5.21 a | 52.3 ± 4.67 b | 52.7 ± 4.57 b | 47.3 ± 4.36 c | 49.7 ± 4.67 bc |
Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 121 ± 6.52 | 117 ± 4.47 | 114 ± 4.23 | 116 ± 4.83 | 116 ± 3.52 |
Fasting serum insulin (ng/mL) | 3.54 ± 0.37 a | 2.76 ± 0.53 b | 2.32 ± 0.52 b | 1.63 ± 0.54 c | 1.71 ± 0.58 c |
HOMA-IR | 14.2 ± 1.13 a | 10.7 ± 1.23 b | 8.84 ± 1.17 c | 6.30 ± 1.17 d | 6.59 ± 1.23 d |
Serum insulin at 2 min (ng/mL) | 6.45 ± 0.66 c | 7.18 ± 0.67 a | 6.05 ± 0.56 c | 7.32 ± 0.32 a | 7.13 ± 0.48 b |
Serum insulin at 10 min | 6.12 ± 0.58 a | 6.17 ± 0.62 a | 4.97 ± 0.45 b | 5.15 ± 0.63 b | 6.21 ± 0.66 a |
Serum insulin at 60 and 90 min | 5.82 ± 0.51 a | 5.50 ± 0.66 a | 4.82 ± 0.66 b | 4.70 ± 0.65 b | 4.90 ± 0.41 b |
Serum total cholesterol | 142 ± 12.7 a | 146 ± 13.2 a | 112 ± 12.1 b | 143 ± 14.3 a | 138 ± 11.6 a |
Serum HDL | 26.5 ± 3.4 b | 34.1 ± 3.7 a | 25.1 ± 2.9 b | 31.6 ± 3.8 a | 32.4 ± 3.3 a |
Serum TG | 91.8 ± 8.4 a | 93.3 ± 7.8 a | 80.1 ± 8.2 b | 77.6 ± 7.9 b | 72.6 ± 6.7 b |
Serum ALT | 54.3 ± 5.1 a | 53.1 ± 4.8 a | 46.3 ± 4.1 b | 49.7 ± 5.3 ab | 49.9 ± 4.7 ab |
Serum AST | 57.4 ± 4.9 a | 55.9 ± 5.3 a | 44.9 ± 4.6 c | 41.5 ± 3.8 c | 51.8 ± 4.7 b |
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Kim, D.-S.; Kang, S.; Moon, N.-R.; Shin, B.-K.; Park, S. Zeaxanthin and Lutein Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathology: Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Neuroinflammation, and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in an Amyloid-β Rat Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189828
Kim D-S, Kang S, Moon N-R, Shin B-K, Park S. Zeaxanthin and Lutein Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathology: Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Neuroinflammation, and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in an Amyloid-β Rat Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(18):9828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189828
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Da-Sol, Suna Kang, Na-Rang Moon, Bae-Keun Shin, and Sunmin Park. 2024. "Zeaxanthin and Lutein Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathology: Modulation of Insulin Resistance, Neuroinflammation, and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in an Amyloid-β Rat Model" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18: 9828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189828