Immune Profile in COVID-19: Unveiling TR3-56 Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Immune Asset in the Patients Stratified on the Severity of COVID Disease
2.2. The Activated T Lymphocytes and the Treg and TR3-56 Cells in the Patients Stratified on the Severity of COVID Disease
2.3. The Cytokines in the Patients Stratified on the Severity of COVID Disease
2.4. The Patients Stratified on the Basis of a Cut-Off Calculated on the TR3-56 Cell Distribution
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients
4.2. Flow Cytometry
4.3. Serum Cytokine Analysis
4.4. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Study Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mann-Whitney (p Value) | |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 3.07 ± 0.04 | 9.45 ± 2.37 | 4.30 ± 0.61 | 0.0011 group 1 vs. group 2 0.0075 group 1 vs. group 3 NS group 2 vs. group 3 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 49.61 ± 6.24 | 170 ± 50.71 | 52.77 ± 13.74 | NS group 1 vs. group 2 NS group 1 vs. group 3 NS group 2 vs. group 3 |
IL-17 (pg/mL) | 3.34 ± 0.27 | 4.86 ± 0.91 | 3.44 ± 0.61 | NS group 1 vs. group 2 NS group 1 vs. group 3 NS group 2 vs. group 3 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 7.31 ± 0.45 | 10.71 ± 1.93 | 11.65 ± 3.70 | NS group 1 vs. group 2 NS group 1 vs. group 3 NS group 2 vs. group 3 |
% TR3-56 Lymphocytes | ||
---|---|---|
Slope | p Value | |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.1336 | 0.6730 |
IL-17 (pg/mL) | 0.6786 | 0.0106 |
% Lymphocytes | −0.3719 | 0.0735 |
% Monocytes | −0.6431 | 0.0007 |
% Neutrophils | 0.2351 | 0.2688 |
% T lymphocytes | −0.1228 | 0.5675 |
% B lymphocytes | −0.3902 | 0.0594 |
% NK lymphocytes | 0.4456 | 0.0291 |
% CTLs | 0.4507 | 0.0271 |
% Th lymphocytes | −0.3846 | 0.0635 |
% Th1 lymphocytes | 0.2662 | 0.2086 |
% Th17 lymphocytes | −0.1446 | 0.5001 |
% Treg lymphocytes | −0.2540 | 0.2311 |
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Carriero, F.; Rubino, V.; Gelzo, M.; Scalia, G.; Raia, M.; Ciccozzi, M.; Gentile, I.; Pinchera, B.; Castaldo, G.; Ruggiero, G.; et al. Immune Profile in COVID-19: Unveiling TR3-56 Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910465
Carriero F, Rubino V, Gelzo M, Scalia G, Raia M, Ciccozzi M, Gentile I, Pinchera B, Castaldo G, Ruggiero G, et al. Immune Profile in COVID-19: Unveiling TR3-56 Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(19):10465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910465
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarriero, Flavia, Valentina Rubino, Monica Gelzo, Giulia Scalia, Maddalena Raia, Massimo Ciccozzi, Ivan Gentile, Biagio Pinchera, Giuseppe Castaldo, Giuseppina Ruggiero, and et al. 2024. "Immune Profile in COVID-19: Unveiling TR3-56 Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 19: 10465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910465