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Review

Glioblastoma and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Glance at Available Treatment Options and Future Directions

by
Silvia Mara Baez Rodriguez
1,
Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
1,2,*,
Amira Kamel
1,
Serban Turliuc
3,
Radu Eugen Rizea
1,2 and
Anica Dricu
4
1
Neurosurgical Department, Bagdasar-Arseni Clinical Emergency Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
2
Neurosurgical Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020022 Bucharest, Romania
3
Medical Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “G. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
4
Biochemistry Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020022 Bucharest, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910765
Submission received: 11 August 2024 / Revised: 29 September 2024 / Accepted: 30 September 2024 / Published: 7 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Targeted Therapies and Precision Medicine for Malignant Diseases)
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Abstract

Glioblastoma is known to be one of the most aggressive and fatal human cancers, with a poor prognosis and resistance to standard treatments. In the last few years, many solid tumor treatments have been revolutionized with the help of immunotherapy. However, this type of treatment has failed to improve the results in glioblastoma patients. Effective immunotherapeutic strategies may be developed after understanding how glioblastoma achieves tumor-mediated immune suppression in both local and systemic landscapes. Biomarkers may help identify patients most likely to benefit from this type of treatment. In this review, we discuss the use of immunotherapy in glioblastoma, with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors and the factors that influence clinical response. A Pubmed data search was performed for all existing information regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors used for the treatment of glioblastoma. All data evaluating the ongoing clinical trials involving the use of ICIs either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs was compiled and analyzed.
Keywords: glioblastoma; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunosuppression; blood-brain barrier; tumor microenvironment glioblastoma; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunosuppression; blood-brain barrier; tumor microenvironment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodriguez, S.M.B.; Tataranu, L.G.; Kamel, A.; Turliuc, S.; Rizea, R.E.; Dricu, A. Glioblastoma and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Glance at Available Treatment Options and Future Directions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910765

AMA Style

Rodriguez SMB, Tataranu LG, Kamel A, Turliuc S, Rizea RE, Dricu A. Glioblastoma and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Glance at Available Treatment Options and Future Directions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(19):10765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910765

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodriguez, Silvia Mara Baez, Ligia Gabriela Tataranu, Amira Kamel, Serban Turliuc, Radu Eugen Rizea, and Anica Dricu. 2024. "Glioblastoma and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Glance at Available Treatment Options and Future Directions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 19: 10765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910765

APA Style

Rodriguez, S. M. B., Tataranu, L. G., Kamel, A., Turliuc, S., Rizea, R. E., & Dricu, A. (2024). Glioblastoma and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Glance at Available Treatment Options and Future Directions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(19), 10765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910765

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