Molecular Insights into the Synergistic Effects of Putrescine and Ammonium on Dinoflagellates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Putrescine with or without Ammonium on Dinoflagellates
2.2. Transcriptome Analysis of K. veneficum Treated with Ammonium, Putrescine, or a Combination of Ammonium and Putrescine
2.2.1. De Novo Assembly of K. veneficum Transcriptome
2.2.2. Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis
2.2.3. Genes Involved in Nitrogen Metabolism, Photosynthesis, and Photorepair
3. Discussion
3.1. Synergistic Effects of Putrescine and Ammonium on Dinoflagellates
3.2. Transcriptome Analysis on K. venerficum
3.2.1. Ammonium May Aggravate Putrescine Toxicity on K. veneficum
3.2.2. Putrescine May Reduce the Ammonium Tolerance in K. veneficum
3.2.3. A Combination of Putrescine and Ammonium May Damage the Chloroplast and Impair Photosynthesis in K. veneficum
3.2.4. A Combination of Putrescine and Ammonium May Inhibit the Growth of K. veneficum through the Regulation of Other Essential Processes
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Algal Stock Cultures
4.2. Synergistic Effects of Putrescine and Ammonium on Algal Species
4.3. Transcriptome Analysis of K. veneficum Treated with Ammonium, Putrescine, or a Combination of Putrescine and Ammonium
4.3.1. Sample Collection
4.3.2. Sample Preparation and RNA-Seq Sequencing
4.3.3. De Novo Assembly and Gene Differential Expression Analysis
4.3.4. Gene Abundance Estimate and Differential Expression Analysis
4.3.5. Gene Annotation
4.3.6. Transcriptome Data Validation
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
References
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Species | Putrescine (µM) | Synergy Significance (p-Values) | SASB/SAB |
---|---|---|---|
P. minimum | 250 | 0.61 | / |
500 | 0.24 | / | |
K. veneficum | 500 | * 3.69 × 10−7 | 47.08 |
750 | 0.16 | / | |
L. fissa | 500 | * 2.03 × 10−5 | 1.78 |
750 | * 0.0023 | 1.52 |
Time | Synergy Significance (p-Value) | SASB/SAB |
---|---|---|
T1hr | * 0.00070 | 1.41 |
T6hr | * 2.52 × 10−7 | 2.85 |
T24hr | * 2.14 × 10−7 | 5.22 |
Treatment | Up_Regulated | Down-Regulated | Total | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ammonium | 3562 | 2744 | 6306 | 3.83 |
Putrescine | 3880 | 3215 | 7095 | 4.31 |
Both | 3843 | 11,215 | 15,058 | 9.15 |
Transcript ID | Gene Description | Normalized Gene Expression (TMM) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Con. | NH4 | Putr. | Both | ||
DN165880_c0_g1_i1 | Ammonium transporter (AMT1) | 2.92 | 2.40 | 2.67 | 0.17 |
DN141316_c0_g1_i1 | Ammonium transporter (AMT2) | 9.62 | 7.71 | 5.08 | 1.11 |
DN83039_c0_g1_i1 | Ammonium transporter (AMT3) | 3.15 | 5.16 | 1.08 | 0.00 |
DN30808_c0_g1_i1 | Ammonium transporter (AMT4) | 3.10 | 0.44 | 6.82 | 0.00 |
DN158877_c0_g1_i1 | Ammonium transporter (AMT5) | 0.00 | * 1.61 | * 6.74 | 3.43 |
DN149735_c0_g1_i1 | NiR large subunit | 5.00 | 4.38 | 1.81 | 0.09 |
DN41374_c0_g1_i3 | GOGAT (chloroplast; GOGAT1) | 4.11 | 3.04 | 1.44 | 0.28 |
DN19097_c0_g1_i1 | GOGAT (chloroplast; GOGAT2) | 4.95 | 3.51 | 1.73 | 0.45 |
DN100333_c0_g1_i1 | GOGAT subunit (cytosol; GOGAT3) | 31.30 | 16.93 | 8.84 | 0.00 |
DN65105_c0_g1_i1 | GS (cytoplasm) | 4.94 | 5.73 | 3.84 | 0.46 |
DN111898_c0_g1_i1 | SpdS | 1.89 | 2.66 | 0.28 | 0.00 |
DN156058_c0_g1_i1 | PAO | 3.70 | 2.50 | 1.19 | 0.00 |
Transcript ID | Gene Description | Normalized Gene Expression (TMM) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Con. | NH4 | Putr. | Both | ||
DN124564_c0_g1_i1 | ChlM | 1.85 | 0.46 | 2.38 | 0.00 |
DN154913_c0_g1_i1 | FCP | 1.89 | 0.80 | 2.50 | 0.00 |
DN133788_c0_g1_i1 | Pheophorbide a oxygenase | 3.77 | 4.95 | 4.52 | 0.00 |
DN101633_c0_g1_i1 | PP264 (PP264_1) | 7.15 | 5.02 | 3.15 | 0.00 |
DN152556_c0_g1_i1 | PP264 (PP264_2) | 3.71 | 6.08 | 3.81 | 0.00 |
DN97632_c0_g1_i1 | PP264 (PP264_3) | 2.77 | 6.00 | 0.57 | 0.00 |
DN68599_c0_g1_i1 | PP264 (PP264_4) | 14.75 | 6.70 | 4.66 | 1.18 |
DN99820_c0_g1_i1 | PAPP5 | 3.41 | 2.76 | 2.47 | 0.00 |
DN128516_c0_g1_i1 | UVR8 (UVR8_1) | 2.18 | 4.28 | 8.94 | 0.00 |
DN37485_c0_g1_i1 | UVR8 (UVR8_2) | 5.31 | 2.96 | 1.07 | 0.45 |
DN12312_c0_g1_i1 | ChlH (ChlH1) | 21.42 | 21.39 | 10.34 | 1.02 |
DN14809_c0_g1_i1 | ChlH (ChlH2) | 19.58 | 16.31 | 10.22 | 1.15 |
DN12312_c0_g2_i1 | ChlH (ChlH3) | 28.43 | 20.67 | 15.23 | 2.58 |
DN28119_c0_g1_i1 | ChlH (ChlH4) | 30.15 | 30.44 | 14.03 | 3.78 |
DN8652_c0_g2_i1 | ChlH (ChlH5) | 45.86 | 56.98 | 22.30 | 5.04 |
DN37694_c0_g1_i2 | DEGP2 | 0.72 | 0.53 | 2.89 | 6.38 |
DN143715_c0_g1_i1 | SOD | 0.00 | 0.71 | * 3.53 | 2.45 |
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Wang, Y.; Coyne, K.J. Molecular Insights into the Synergistic Effects of Putrescine and Ammonium on Dinoflagellates. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021306
Wang Y, Coyne KJ. Molecular Insights into the Synergistic Effects of Putrescine and Ammonium on Dinoflagellates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(2):1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021306
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yanfei, and Kathryn J. Coyne. 2024. "Molecular Insights into the Synergistic Effects of Putrescine and Ammonium on Dinoflagellates" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2: 1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021306