Effect of Fillers Modification with ILs on Fillers Textural Properties: Thermal Properties of SBR Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Textural Properties of Pristine GnPs and GnPs Modified from Solution with 1-butylpyridinium Bromide (BPyBr) and 4-methyl-1-butylpyridinium Bromide (BmPyBr)
2.2. Curing Kinetics of SBR Compounds by DSC Measurements
2.3. Thermal Stability of SBR Composites and ILs Alone Used to Prepare Composites
2.4. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of SBR Composites
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Fabrication of Graphene Nanoplatelets Modified with BPyBr and BmPyBr from Solution (GnPs/BPyBr and GnPs/BmPyBr, Respectively)
3.3. Preparation of Rubber Mixes and Vulcanizates
3.4. Methods of Characterization
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BET Model | BJH Model | Dubinin–Astakhov Model | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Filler | Vmax (cm3 g−1 STP) | SBET (m2 g−1) | DBET (nm) | SBJH (m2 g−1) | VBJH (cm3 g−1) | DBJH (nm) | SDA (m2 g−1) | VDA (cm3 g−1) |
pristine GnPs | 325 | 298 ± 1 | 5.5 | 118.6 | 0.40 | 13.5 | 263 | 0.11 |
GnPs/BPyBr | 35 | 30 ± 0.3 | 31 | 45.0 | 0.24 | 21.4 | n.a. | n.a. |
GnPs/BmPyBr | 623 | 767 ± 10 | 5.0 | 391.0 | 0.84 | 8.5 | 403 | 0.33 |
SBR Composites | GnPs Content (phr) | Modifier/Method of Modification | χ (-) | Tg (°C) | Δcp (J g−1 K−1) | ΔH (J g−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unfilled | 0 | – | – | 0.00 | −51.1 ± 0.9 | 0.42 ± 0.08 | 5.96 ± 1.50 |
1 GnPs | 1 | – | – | 0.01 | −50.3 ± 0.9 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 12.7 ± 1.50 |
1 GnPs + BPyBr | BPyBr | mm | 0.01 | −51.2 ± 0.9 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 7.28 ± 1.50 | |
1 GnPs/BPyBr | BPyBr | s | 0.16 | −51.4 ± 0.9 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 6.56 ± 1.50 | |
1 GnPs + BmPyBr | BmPyBr | mm | 0.11 | −51.2 ± 0.9 | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 18.44 ± 1.50 | |
1 GnPs/BmPyBr | BmPyBr | s | 0.01 | −50.3 ± 0.9 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 10.95 ± 1.50 | |
5 GnPs | 5 | – | – | 0.10 | −51.3 ± 0.9 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 24.6 ± 1.50 |
5 GnPs + BPyBr | BPyBr | mm | 0.38 | −49.9 ± 0.9 | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 9.99 ± 1.50 | |
5 GnPs/BPyBr | BPyBr | s | 0.04 | −51.2 ± 0.9 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 16.28 ± 1.50 | |
5 GnPs + BmPyBr | BmPyBr | mm | 0.43 | −50.2 ± 0.9 | 0.23 ± 0.08 | 12.71 ± 1.50 | |
5 GnPs/BmPyBr | BmPyBr | s | 0.07 | −51.8 ± 0.9 | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 6.29 ± 1.50 |
SBR Composites | GnPs Content (phr) | Modifier/Method of Modification | T02 (°C) | T50 (°C) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
unfilled | 0 | – | – | 245 ± 1 | 441 ± 1 |
1 GnPs | 1 | – | – | 259 ± 1 | 445 ± 1 |
1 GnPs + BPyBr | BPyBr | mm | 251 ± 1 | 441 ± 1 | |
1 GnPs/BPyBr | BPyBr | s | 245 ± 1 | 441 ± 1 | |
1 GnPs + BmPyBr | BmPyBr | mm | 235 ± 1 | 443 ± 1 | |
1 GnPs/BmPyBr | BmPyBr | s | 231 ± 1 | 439 ± 1 | |
5 GnPs | 5 | – | – | 257 ± 1 | 445 ± 1 |
5 GnPs + BPyBr | BPyBr | mm | 233 ± 1 | 439 ± 1 | |
5 GnPs/BPyBr | BPyBr | s | 229 ± 1 | 443 ± 1 | |
5 GnPs + BmPyBr | BmPyBr | mm | 253 ± 1 | 443 ± 1 | |
5 GnPs/BmPyBr | BmPyBr | s | 237 ± 1 | 443 ± 1 |
Ionic Liquid | T02 (°C) | TMAX (°C) |
---|---|---|
BPyBr | 213 ± 1 | 268 ± 1 |
BmPyBr | 153 ± 1 | 278 ± 1 |
SBR Composites | GnPs Content (phr) | Modifier/Method of Modification | Tg (°C) | Tan δTg (-) | Tan δ0 (-) | Tan δ60 (-) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unfilled | 0 | – | – | −48.4 | 2.04 | 0.115 | 0.099 |
1 GnPs | 1 | – | – | −49.4 | 2.03 | 0.118 | 0.118 |
1 GnPs + BPyBr | BPyBr | mm | −50.3 | 1.94 | 0.116 | 0.065 | |
1 GnPs/BPyBr | BPyBr | s | −49.3 | 2.03 | 0.086 | 0.059 | |
1 GnPs + BmPyBr | BmPyBr | mm | −49.3 | 1.92 | 0.093 | 0.087 | |
1 GnPs/BmPyBr | BmPyBr | s | −46.6 | 1.96 | 0.011 | 0.056 | |
5 GnPs | 5 | – | – | −48.6 | 1.88 | 0.124 | 0.088 |
5 GnPs + BPyBr | BPyBr | mm | −50.3 | 1.97 | 0.061 | 0.095 | |
5 GnPs/BPyBr | BPyBr | s | −45.1 | 1.78 | 0.112 | 0.096 | |
5 GnPs + BmPyBr | BmPyBr | mm | −49.2 | 1.80 | 0.071 | 0.059 | |
5 GnPs/BmPyBr | BmPyBr | s | −47.7 | 1.91 | 0.106 | 0.090 |
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Gaca, M.; Vaulot, C. Effect of Fillers Modification with ILs on Fillers Textural Properties: Thermal Properties of SBR Composites. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020885
Gaca M, Vaulot C. Effect of Fillers Modification with ILs on Fillers Textural Properties: Thermal Properties of SBR Composites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(2):885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020885
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaca, Magdalena, and Cyril Vaulot. 2024. "Effect of Fillers Modification with ILs on Fillers Textural Properties: Thermal Properties of SBR Composites" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2: 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020885