Unveiling the Role of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Emerging Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clinical and Immune Characteristics of AITDs
3. Characteristics of Gut Microbiota in AITDs
4. Progress of Gut Microbiota in Animal Models of Autoimmune Diseases
5. Involvement of Gut Microbiota and SCFAs in AITDs through Th17/Treg Balance
5.1. Gut Microbiota Is Significantly Associated with Immune Regulation
5.2. Gut Microbiota Regulates the Synthesis and Metabolism of SCFAs
5.3. Involvement of SCFAs in AITDs through Regulation of T Cell Differentiation
6. Involvement of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in AITDs through Thyroid Hormones
6.1. Gut Microbiota Is Significantly Associated with Thyroid Hormones
6.2. Involvement in AITDs through Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
7. Summary and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phyla Level | Genus/Species Level | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Augmented: | Reduced: | ||
Firmicutes | Anaerostipes, Faecalibacterium | [3] | |
Clostridiaceae 02d06, Clostridium estertheticum | [47] | ||
Megamonas, Veillonella | Butyricimonas, Anaerostipes | [37] | |
Ruminococcus | E.ventriosum, Flavonifractor, Romboutsia, Oscillospiaceae UCG 002 | [38] | |
Enterococcus | Roseburia, Dialister | [28] | |
Anaerofilum, Intestinimonas, Peptococcus, Ruminococcaceae UCG 005 | [43] | ||
Phascolarctobacterium | [44] | ||
Pediococcus, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Veillonella parvula | Faecalibacterium, prausnitzii, Butyricimonas faecalis | [33] | |
Ruminococcus sp., Dorea sp., Eubacterium ventriosum | [30] | ||
Bacteroidota | Bacteroides, Prevotella 9 | [9] | |
Prevotella | [12] | ||
Odoribacter, Rikenellaceae | [28] | ||
Parabacteroides | [34] | ||
Acfinobacteria | Actinobacillus | [3] | |
Rothia mucilaginosa | [47] | ||
Eggerthella lenta, Collinsella | Bifdobacterium, Corynebacterium | [33] |
Phyla Level | Genus/Species Level | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Augmented: | Reduced: | ||
Firmicutes | Ruminococcus, Roseburia, Dorea, [Eubacterium] hallii group | Lachnoclostridium, Fecalibacterium | [52] |
Megamonas, Clostridia, Holdemania, oscillospirales, Lachnospiraceae NC2004 group | Faecalibacterium | [49] | |
Enterococcus | [41] | ||
Ruminococcus 2 | [31] | ||
Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Subdoligranulum, Subdoligranulum | [37] | ||
Granulicatella | [54] | ||
Bacteroidota | Flavobacteriaceae | [53] | |
Escherichia Shigella, Parasutterella Bacteroides, Blautia | Prevotella 9 | [29] | |
Paraprevotella | [32] | ||
Proteobacteria | Ralstonia, Acetitomaculum | [53] | |
Alistipes | [41] | ||
Veillonella | Neisseria, Rheinheimera | [32] | |
Haemophilus | [52] |
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Yan, K.; Sun, X.; Fan, C.; Wang, X.; Yu, H. Unveiling the Role of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Emerging Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252010918
Yan K, Sun X, Fan C, Wang X, Yu H. Unveiling the Role of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Emerging Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(20):10918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252010918
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Kai, Xin Sun, Chenxi Fan, Xin Wang, and Hongsong Yu. 2024. "Unveiling the Role of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Emerging Perspectives" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 20: 10918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252010918