SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Demographics
2.2. IgA and IgG Frequency in Breastmilk and Serum Three and Six Months Post-Partum
2.2.1. Breastmilk
2.2.2. Serum
2.3. IgA and IgG Duration and Concentration in Breastmilk and Serum
2.3.1. Breastmilk
2.3.2. Serum
2.4. Antibody Development from Three to Six Months pp
2.5. Ratio of Breastmilk IgA and Serum IgG/IgA
2.6. Admission to Pediatric Emergency Ward
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Population
4.2. Sample Collection
4.3. Pediatric Emergency Admission
4.4. Antibody Analysis
4.5. Statistical Analysis
4.6. Ethics
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Participants | No. of Samples 3 Months after Birth | No. of Samples 6 Months after Birth |
---|---|---|
First trimester of infection: | 6 | 3 |
Second trimester of infection: | 11 | 8 |
Third trimester of infection: | 5 | 18 |
Cases (n = 36) | Controls (n = 180) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | (%) | n | (%) |
Age *, years; median(IQR) | 32 | (29;36) | 32 | (29;36) |
Parity | ||||
Primipara | 20 | (56) | 89 | (49) |
Multipara | 16 | (44) | 91 | (51) |
Body mass index, points; median(IQR) | 23 | (22;25) | 23 | (21;27) |
Smoking, yes | ≤3 | 4 | (2) | |
Obstetric complications, yes | ||||
GestHT | 0 | (0) | 4 | (2) |
GDM | ≤3 | (-) | 16 | (9) |
Liver complications | ≤3 | (-) | ≤3 | (-) |
PPROM | 0 | (0) | ≤3 | (-) |
Post-partum bleeding | 7 | (19) | 50 | (28) |
Acute sectio | 5 | (14) | 23 | (13) |
Mode of delivery, yes | ||||
Vaginal | 27 | (75) | 141 | (78) |
Cesarian | 9 | (25) | 39 | (22) |
Gestational age at birth *, days; median(IQR) | 281 | (277;289) | 281 | (277;289) |
Apgar score | ||||
At 5 min., points; median(IQR) | 10 | (10;10) | 10 | (10;10) |
Less than 7 points, yes | 0 | (0) | ≤3 | (-) |
Preterm birth, yes | ≤3 | (-) | 9 | (5) |
IgG Serum | IgA Serum | IgA Breastmilk | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 Months | 6 Months | 3 Months | 6 Months | 3 Months | 6 Months | |
Number | 22 | 33 | 22 | 33 | 22 | 29 |
No. of samples per trimester | ||||||
First trimester | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 3 |
Second trimester | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 8 |
Third trimester | 5 | 17 | 5 | 17 | 5 | 18 |
No. (%) of positive samples per trimester | ||||||
First trimester | 4 (67%) | 5 (83%) | 3 (50%) | 4 (67%) | <3 | 0 (0%) |
Second trimester | 8 (73%) | 6 (60%) | 10 (90%) | 9 (91%) | 4 (36%) | 3 (38%) |
Third trimester | 5 (100%) | 15 (88%) | 3 (60%) | 14 (82%) | <3 | 5 (28%) |
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Fich, L.; Christiansen, A.-M.H.; Nilsson, A.C.; Lindman, J.; Juul-Larsen, H.G.; Hansen, C.B.; la Cour Freiesleben, N.; Khalil, M.R.; Nielsen, H.S. SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063269
Fich L, Christiansen A-MH, Nilsson AC, Lindman J, Juul-Larsen HG, Hansen CB, la Cour Freiesleben N, Khalil MR, Nielsen HS. SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(6):3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063269
Chicago/Turabian StyleFich, Line, Ann-Marie Hellerung Christiansen, Anna Christine Nilsson, Johanna Lindman, Helle Gybel Juul-Larsen, Christine Bo Hansen, Nina la Cour Freiesleben, Mohammed Rohi Khalil, and Henriette Svarre Nielsen. 2024. "SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 6: 3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063269