Exploring the Impact of Alternative Sources of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Identification
2.2. Screening
2.3. Eligibility
2.4. Inclusion
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient | Participants | Dose | Duration Time | Investigated Parameters | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amaranthus dubius standardized extract Placebo | Healthy recreationally trained individuals n = 12 Aged 21–25 (6 males and 6 females) | 1 g (90 mg NO3−) | 7 days | Blood sample analyzed Treadmill exercise test (Bruce protocol) VT TTE VO2peak | ↑ NO3− concentration ↑ VT ↔ TTE ↔ VO2peak | [14] |
Amaranthus dubius standardized extract Placebo | Healthy recreationally trained individuals n = 15 Aged 20–28 (8 males and 7 females) | 1 g (90 mg NO3−) | Acute dose | Blood sample analyzed Treadmill exercise test (Bruce protocol) VT TTE VO2peak | ↑ NO3− concentration ↑ VT ↔ TTE ↔ VO2peak | [15] |
Amaranthus dubius standardized extract Tomato juice (placebo) | Female soccer players n = 11 Aged 19–22 | 4.4 g (400 mg NO3−) | Acute dose | Blood sample analyzed Wingate Anaerobic Tests Peak power Cycle ergometer Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion | ↑ NO2− and LA concentration ↓ Fatigue index No improvement in peak power, HR, and rate of perceived exertion | [16] |
Amaranthus hypochondriacus standardized extract (9–11%) Oat bar (placebo) | Male volunteers n = 13 Aged 22–24 | 4 g (400 mg NO3−) | Acute dose | Increasing cycling exercise (ICE) test Peak power Cycle ergometer VT VO2max | No significant changes after acute intake Improvement exercise parameters after short-term supplementation | [17] |
6 days | ↑ Peak power in ICE test ↑ VT ↑ VO2max | |||||
Amaranthus dubius standardized extract Placebo | Male volunteers n = 11 Aged 30–42 | 4 g (~360 mg NO3−) | 15 days | Cardiovascular measures (BP) Exhaled nitric oxide Cycle ergometer TTE | ↓ BP ↑ Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) ↑ TTE | [18] |
Amaranthus dubius standardized extract Placebo | Males, resistance-trained n = 10 Aged 19–26 | 2 g (180 mg NO3−) | 7 days | Cardiovascular measures (BP and HR) Muscle oxygen saturation One Repetition Maximum (1RM) test (barbell bench press) Peak power Stroop test Visual analog scales (VAS) | ↔ BP and HR No improvement in peak power and muscle oxygenation ↑ Subjective measures—focus and “muscle pump” | [19] |
Amaranthus dubius standardized extract Placebo | Males, college baseball athletes n = 16 Aged 19–22 | 2 g (180 mg NO3−) | 11 weeks | Cardiovascular measures (BP and HR) Body composition One Repetition Maximum (1RM) test (barbell bench press) Wingate Anaerobic Tests | No improvement in body composition, cardiovascular measures, and strength ↑ Peak power in Wingate test | [20] |
Amaranthus dubius standardized extract Placebo | Healthy, recreationally active individuals n = 17 Aged 19–26 (8 males and 9 females) | 1 g (90 mg NO3−) | 7 days | Cardiovascular measures (BP and HR) Subjective measures (muscle fatigue, perceived exertion) 4 km cycling time trial test Performance measures (TTC, average power, average speed) | ↓ BP ↓ TTC ↑ average speed ↑ average power | [21] |
Green spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea) Placebo | Males, well-trained runners n = 20 Aged 22–24 | 1 g/kg body weight | 14 days | Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) Markers of muscle damage (LDH, bilirubin) | ↑ TAC ↓ LDH after physical activity ↓ Bilirubin concentration | [22] |
Green spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea) Placebo | Healthy well-trained runners n = 20 Aged 22–24 | 1 g/kg body weight | 14 days | TAC Markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, uric acid) Markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) | ↑ TAC ↓ Markers of oxidative stress ↓ Markers of muscle damage | [23] |
Green spinach (Spinacia oleracea) extract Placebo | Adult individuals n = 45 Aged 50–75 (8 males and 37 females) | 2 g (708.8 mg NO3−) | 12 weeks | Body composition Muscle strength (dynamometry) | ↔ Body composition ↑ Isometric and isokinetic strength in males | [24] |
Vegetable | Plant Sources | Nitrates Content (mg/kg) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Amaranthus dubius | Fresh leaves | 4100–5200 | [39] |
Amaranthus hypohondriacus | Fresh leaves | 4200–7800 | [39] |
Amaranthus tricolor | Fresh leaves | 2800–8800 | [39] |
Spinacia oleracea | Fresh leaves | 1044.2 | [41] |
2170 | [40] | ||
900–5400 | [42] |
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Jędrejko, M.; Jędrejko, K.; Gómez-Renaud, V.M.; Kała, K.; Muszyńska, B. Exploring the Impact of Alternative Sources of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073650
Jędrejko M, Jędrejko K, Gómez-Renaud VM, Kała K, Muszyńska B. Exploring the Impact of Alternative Sources of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073650
Chicago/Turabian StyleJędrejko, Maciej, Karol Jędrejko, Víctor M. Gómez-Renaud, Katarzyna Kała, and Bożena Muszyńska. 2024. "Exploring the Impact of Alternative Sources of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073650