Long-Term Sodium Deficiency Reduces Sodium Excretion but Impairs Renal Function and Increases Stone Formation in Hyperoxaluric Calcium Oxalate Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Short-Term Sodium and Water Balance Study
2.2. Effect of Long-Term SD Diet on Renal Function
2.3. Effect of Long-Term SD Diet on CaOx Stone Formation
2.4. Changes in the Abundance of Major Renal Sodium Transporters
2.5. Changes in AQP Abundance
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
Animals
- Urine and Plasma Chemistries
- Short-term Sodium Balance Study
- Effect of long-term SD diet feeding on CaOx crystal deposition
- Western blot analysis
- Statistical analyses
- Ethics approval
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Control | EG | SD | SD + EG | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | |||||
Water intake, mL/day | 25.6 ± 4.6 | 31.8 ± 3.3 | 29.6 ± 2.4 | 45.0 ± 4.9 * | |
Urine amount, mL/day | 19.9 ± 1.5 | 27.1 ± 1.8 * | 16.2 ± 1.8 | 39.7 ± 1.4 *@ | |
Urine protein, mg/day | 24.1 ± 4.2 | 55.1 ± 9.5 * | 21.3 ± 4.0 | 66.4 ± 9.4 *@ | |
CCr, mL/min/kg | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.4 @ | |
Posm, mosmol/kg/H2O | 297.4 ± 4.6 | 337.0 ± 5.5 * | 292.3 ± 4.7 | 333.2 ± 6.0 *@ | |
PNa, mmol/L | 150.3 ± 2.6 | 156.5 ± 1.6 | 147.4 ± 3.9 | 159.3 ± 1.7 | |
PCr, mg/dL | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.05 * | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.15 * | |
PUrea, mg/dL | 16.7 ± 2.9 | 40.0 ± 2.2 * | 19.4 ± 1.5 | 54.3 ± 6.6 *# | |
Uosm, mosmol/kg/H2O | 1026.8 ± 188.0 | 626.8 ± 20.4 *@ | 1380.9 ± 132.5 *# | 702.8 ± 29.1 *@ | |
U/Posm ratio | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.0 * | 4.7 ± 0.4 * | 2.1 ± 0.1 *@ | |
FENa (%) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 *# | 0.3 ± 0.1 *#@ | |
UNa × Uv, μmol/min/kg | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 *# | 0.5 ± 0.0 *#@ | |
TcH2O, μL/min/kg | 78.6 ± 10.4 | 52.1 ± 3.9 * | 108.3 ± 19.4 # | 77.6 ± 8.8 # |
Groups | Control | EG | SD | SD + EG | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | |||||
BW, gm | 380.4 ± 4.2 | 397.2 ± 4.4 | 393.1 ± 2.5 | 396.7 ± 3.6 | |
ΔBW, gm | +5.1 ± 1.0 | +7.2 ± 1.7 | +8.0 ± 2.8 | +5.0 ± 0.5 | |
Food intake, g/day | 26.3 ± 3.5 | 18.5 ± 2.9 | 27.7 ± 3.4 | 16.2 ± 2.6 * | |
Kidney weight, gm | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 * | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 * | |
AP (CaOx)index | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 21.2 ± 6.1 * | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 24.9 ± 7.3 * | |
Urine Ca/Cr | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 * | 0.8 ± 0.2 *#@ | |
Urine oxalate, mg | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 68.3 ± 12.2 * | 4.4 ± 1.6 | 75.6 ± 23.3 * | |
GAL, mU/mg | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 8.5 ± 2.1 * | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 38.9 ± 16.1 *# | |
NAG, mU/mg | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 20.3 ± 5.8 * | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 43.9 ± 12.8 *# | |
Urine MDA, μmole/g | 39.0 ± 8.3 | 402.8 ± 157.9 * | 53.0 ± 4.9 | 514.0 ± 208.5 * | |
Urine TBARS, μmole/g | 156.6 ± 28.5 | 632.9 ± 229.4 * | 199.5 ± 16.7 | 883.9 ± 277.6 * | |
Renal calculi (score) | 0 | II–III | 0 | III |
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Huang, Y.-C.; Liu, C.-J.; Lu, Z.-H.; Huang, H.-S. Long-Term Sodium Deficiency Reduces Sodium Excretion but Impairs Renal Function and Increases Stone Formation in Hyperoxaluric Calcium Oxalate Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073942
Huang Y-C, Liu C-J, Lu Z-H, Huang H-S. Long-Term Sodium Deficiency Reduces Sodium Excretion but Impairs Renal Function and Increases Stone Formation in Hyperoxaluric Calcium Oxalate Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073942
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yuan-Chi, Chan-Jung Liu, Ze-Hong Lu, and Ho-Shiang Huang. 2024. "Long-Term Sodium Deficiency Reduces Sodium Excretion but Impairs Renal Function and Increases Stone Formation in Hyperoxaluric Calcium Oxalate Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073942