Novel Fe3O4 Nanoparticles with Bioactive Glass–Naproxen Coating: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Bioactivity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- Magnetic nanoparticles can provide mechanical strength and the ability to heat up in an alternating current magnetic field.
- (ii)
- The greater surface of bioactive glass nanoparticles presents an incomparable and promising feature similar to the biological apatite. Nanoparticles improve cellular adhesion, enhance osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and increase biomineralization for implants [42].
- (iii)
- An anti-inflammatory drug can favor bone regeneration by avoiding severe inflammation in the cancer-treated area [43].
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of the Synthesized Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.2. Drug Loading Study
2.3. Biological Assays
2.3.1. Cell Viability Assay with RAW 264.7 Cells, MC3T3-E1, and Saos-2
2.3.2. Nitric Oxide
2.3.3. Prussian Blue Staining for Intracellular Iron Detection
2.3.4. Alkaline Phosphatase Activity with MC3T3-E1 Cells
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (mag0 and mag-1 Samples)
3.3. Coating the Magnetic Nanoparticles with Bioactive Glass (MBG Sample)
3.4. Preparation of Drug Loaded MBG (MBG-Naproxen Sample)
3.5. Assessment of In Vitro Bioactivity
3.6. Characterization
3.7. Biological Assays—In Vitro Studies
3.7.1. Sample Preparation
3.7.2. RAW 264.7 Cells Culture
3.7.3. MC3T3-E1 Cells Culture
3.7.4. Saos-2 Cells Culture
3.7.5. Cell Viability in RAW 264.7
3.7.6. Cell Viability in MC3T3-E1
3.7.7. Cell Viability in Saos-2
3.7.8. Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
3.7.9. Prussian Blue Staining for Intracellular Iron Detection
3.7.10. Nitric Oxide
3.7.11. Statistical Analysis
4. Final Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BG | Bioactive glass |
M | Magnetic |
MBG | Sample mag1 coated with glass |
IL-1β | Interleukin 1β |
NSAID | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
HRTEM | High-resolution transmission electron microscopy |
SAD or SAED | Selected area electron diffraction |
TEM | Transmission electron microscopy |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
EDS | Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry |
ATR-FTIR | Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared |
XRD | X-ray powder diffraction |
mag0 | Iron oxide nanoparticles |
mag1 | Iron oxide nanoparticles coated with tetramethylammonium hydroxide |
MBG0 | Sample mag1 coated with glass before being soaked in SBF |
MBG7 | Sample MBG0 after being soaked in SBF for 7 days |
MBG14 | Sample MBG0 after being soaked in SBF for 14 days |
MBG-naproxen | MBG sample loaded with naproxen |
SBF | Simulated body fluid |
TMAOH | Tetramethylammonium hydroxide |
IR | Infrared |
NBOs | Of non-bridging oxygens |
The powder diffraction file | |
ICDD | International Centre for Diffraction Data |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
SD | Standard deviation |
DMSO | Dimethylsulfoxide |
NO | Nitric oxide |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
IFN-γ | Interferon γ |
ALP | Alkaline phosphatase activity |
PVA | Polyvinyl alcohol |
TEOS | Tetraethyl orthosilicate |
RPMI-1640 | Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium |
α-MEM | Alpha minimum essential medium |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
MTT method | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
BCIP | Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate kit |
NBT | Nitro-blue tetrazolium salt |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
SDS | Sodium dodecyl sulfate |
RT | Room temperature |
PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
ATCC | American Type Culture Collection |
BCRJ | Banco de Células do Rio de Janeiro |
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Valverde, T.M.; dos Santos, V.M.R.; Viana, P.I.M.; Costa, G.M.J.; de Goes, A.M.; Sousa, L.R.D.; Xavier, V.F.; Vieira, P.M.d.A.; de Lima Silva, D.; Domingues, R.Z.; et al. Novel Fe3O4 Nanoparticles with Bioactive Glass–Naproxen Coating: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Bioactivity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084270
Valverde TM, dos Santos VMR, Viana PIM, Costa GMJ, de Goes AM, Sousa LRD, Xavier VF, Vieira PMdA, de Lima Silva D, Domingues RZ, et al. Novel Fe3O4 Nanoparticles with Bioactive Glass–Naproxen Coating: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Bioactivity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(8):4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084270
Chicago/Turabian StyleValverde, Thalita Marcolan, Viviane Martins Rebello dos Santos, Pedro Igor Macário Viana, Guilherme Mattos Jardim Costa, Alfredo Miranda de Goes, Lucas Resende Dutra Sousa, Viviane Flores Xavier, Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira, Daniel de Lima Silva, Rosana Zacarias Domingues, and et al. 2024. "Novel Fe3O4 Nanoparticles with Bioactive Glass–Naproxen Coating: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation of Bioactivity" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 8: 4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084270