Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signalling in the Control of Gut Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Mechanisms Controlling Intestinal Homeostasis
2. AHR Ligands
3. The Role of AHR in the Maintenance of Gut Mucosal Homeostasis
3.1. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AHR in the Intestine
3.2. Epithelial Cells
3.3. Intra-Epithelial Lymphocytes
3.4. Innate Lymphoid Cells
3.5. T Cells
3.6. Dendritic Cells
4. AHR Down-Regulation in Crohn’s Disease Contributes to Sustaining the Mucosal Cytokine Response
5. AHR Signaling Attenuates Experimental Colitis
6. Evidence Supporting the Regulatory Effect of AHR Pathway in Humans: Data from Clinical Studies
Compound | Formulation | Target Population | Type of Study | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indigo Naturalis | Capsules 0.5–2.0 g per day | Ulcerative colitis | multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial | [98] |
Indigo Naturalis | Suppositories 50 mg per day | Ulcerative colitis | open-label, single-center study | [99] |
Indigo Naturalis | Capsules 1 g per day | Ulcerative colitis | multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial | [100] |
Indigo Naturalis | Capsules 500 mg–1.5 g/day | Ulcerative colitis | open-label, dose-escalation study | [102] |
QingDai | Capsules Indigo Naturalis 1.5 g + Curcumin 500 mg | Ulcerative colitis | Part 1: open-label trial Part 2: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled | [103] |
7. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Marafini, I.; Monteleone, I.; Laudisi, F.; Monteleone, G. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signalling in the Control of Gut Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084527
Marafini I, Monteleone I, Laudisi F, Monteleone G. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signalling in the Control of Gut Inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(8):4527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084527
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarafini, Irene, Ivan Monteleone, Federica Laudisi, and Giovanni Monteleone. 2024. "Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signalling in the Control of Gut Inflammation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 8: 4527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084527