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Article

Deciphering the Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pegs Penetrating into the Soil

by
Sha Yang
1,†,
Mei He
1,†,
Zhaohui Tang
1,
Keke Liu
1,
Jianguo Wang
1,
Li Cui
1,
Feng Guo
1,
Ping Liu
2,
Jialei Zhang
1,* and
Shubo Wan
1,*
1
Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
2
Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jinan 250100, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(2), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020634
Submission received: 15 November 2024 / Revised: 7 January 2025 / Accepted: 8 January 2025 / Published: 14 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Genomics and Genetics: 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important crops for oil and protein production. The unique characteristic of peanut is geocarpy, which means that it blooms aerially and the peanut gynophores (pegs) penetrate into the soil, driving the fruit underground. In order to fully understand this phenomenon, we investigated the dynamic proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling of the pegs aerially and underground in this study. A total of 6859 proteins and 4142 unique phosphoproteins with 10,070 phosphosites were identified. The data were validated and quantified using samples randomly selected from arial pegs (APs) and underground pegs (UPs) by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Function analyses of differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) and differentially regulated phosphoproteins (DRPPs) exhibited that they were mainly related to stress response, photosynthesis, and substance metabolism. Once the pegs successfully entered the soil, disease-resistant and stress response proteins, such as glutathione S-transferase, peroxidase, and cytochrome P450, significantly increased in the UP samples in order to adapt to the new soil environment. The increased abundance of photosynthesis-associated proteins in the UP samples provided more abundant photosynthetic products, which provided the preparation for subsequent pod development. Phosphoproteomics reveals the regulatory network of the synthesis of nutrients such as starch, protein, and fatty acid (FA). These results provide new insights into the mechanism, indicating that after the pegs are inserted into the soil, phosphorylation is involved in the rapid elongation of the pegs, accompanied by supplying energy for pod development and preparing for the synthesis of metabolites during pod development following mechanical stimulation and darkness.
Keywords: peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.); pegs; pod development; protein phosphorylation; stress resistance peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.); pegs; pod development; protein phosphorylation; stress resistance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, S.; He, M.; Tang, Z.; Liu, K.; Wang, J.; Cui, L.; Guo, F.; Liu, P.; Zhang, J.; Wan, S. Deciphering the Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pegs Penetrating into the Soil. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020634

AMA Style

Yang S, He M, Tang Z, Liu K, Wang J, Cui L, Guo F, Liu P, Zhang J, Wan S. Deciphering the Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pegs Penetrating into the Soil. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(2):634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020634

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Sha, Mei He, Zhaohui Tang, Keke Liu, Jianguo Wang, Li Cui, Feng Guo, Ping Liu, Jialei Zhang, and Shubo Wan. 2025. "Deciphering the Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pegs Penetrating into the Soil" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 2: 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020634

APA Style

Yang, S., He, M., Tang, Z., Liu, K., Wang, J., Cui, L., Guo, F., Liu, P., Zhang, J., & Wan, S. (2025). Deciphering the Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pegs Penetrating into the Soil. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(2), 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020634

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