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Article

The Role of Rapid Curing on the Interrelationship Between Temperature Rise, Light Transmission, and Polymerisation Kinetics of Bulk-Fill Composites

by
Danijela Marovic
1,*,
Matej Par
1,*,
Paulina Daničić
2,
Ana Marošević
3,
Gloria Bojo
1,
Marta Alerić
1,
Svenia Antić
1,
Krunoslav Puljić
4,
Ana Badovinac
1,
Adrian C. Shortall
5 and
Zrinka Tarle
1
1
University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Gundulićeva 5, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Private Dental Practice, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
3
Private Dental Practice, 10 430 Samobor, Croatia
4
University of Zagreb Faculty of Economics & Business, Trg J. F. Kennedyja 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
5
School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(6), 2803; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062803
Submission received: 7 February 2025 / Revised: 7 March 2025 / Accepted: 17 March 2025 / Published: 20 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Engineering in Dental Restorative and Regenerative Materials)
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Abstract

The first seconds of light curing are crucial for the development of most properties of dental composites, especially for the 3s high-irradiance curing. This study investigated the influence of rapid high-irradiance curing on temporal development of temperature, transmittance and conversion of bulk-fill composites. Four materials were tested: Filtek One (FO), Tetric PowerFill (PFill), Tetric PowerFlow (PFlow) and SDR flow+ (SDR+) and cured with three curing units (LCU): Valo Cordles, Bluephase PowerCure and Translux Wave in 3s (3 W/cm2), 10s (1 W/cm2) and 20s (1 W/cm2) curing protocols. Light transmittance was measured at 2 and 4 mm, while temperature rise and polymerisation kinetics were evaluated at 4 mm depth during 5 min. Both light transmittance and temperature rise were greatest for SDR+ > PFlow > PFill > FO. The 20s curing protocol resulted in the highest degree of conversion (DC) for all materials and LCUs, but also contributed to the greatest temperature rise. Rapid curing with the 3s protocol caused the lowest temperature rise and the shortest time to reach maximum temperature. The polymerisation and temperature kinetics were strongly dependent on the material. The DC of PFill was statistically similar for 3s, 10s or 20s curing with BPC. Rapid curing is only recommended for materials developed for this purpose.
Keywords: light transmittance; degree of conversion; temperature rise; dental composites; rapid curing light transmittance; degree of conversion; temperature rise; dental composites; rapid curing

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MDPI and ACS Style

Marovic, D.; Par, M.; Daničić, P.; Marošević, A.; Bojo, G.; Alerić, M.; Antić, S.; Puljić, K.; Badovinac, A.; Shortall, A.C.; et al. The Role of Rapid Curing on the Interrelationship Between Temperature Rise, Light Transmission, and Polymerisation Kinetics of Bulk-Fill Composites. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062803

AMA Style

Marovic D, Par M, Daničić P, Marošević A, Bojo G, Alerić M, Antić S, Puljić K, Badovinac A, Shortall AC, et al. The Role of Rapid Curing on the Interrelationship Between Temperature Rise, Light Transmission, and Polymerisation Kinetics of Bulk-Fill Composites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(6):2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062803

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marovic, Danijela, Matej Par, Paulina Daničić, Ana Marošević, Gloria Bojo, Marta Alerić, Svenia Antić, Krunoslav Puljić, Ana Badovinac, Adrian C. Shortall, and et al. 2025. "The Role of Rapid Curing on the Interrelationship Between Temperature Rise, Light Transmission, and Polymerisation Kinetics of Bulk-Fill Composites" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 6: 2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062803

APA Style

Marovic, D., Par, M., Daničić, P., Marošević, A., Bojo, G., Alerić, M., Antić, S., Puljić, K., Badovinac, A., Shortall, A. C., & Tarle, Z. (2025). The Role of Rapid Curing on the Interrelationship Between Temperature Rise, Light Transmission, and Polymerisation Kinetics of Bulk-Fill Composites. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(6), 2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062803

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