Microwave Transmittance Technique Using Microstrip Patch Antennas, as a Non-Invasive Tool to Determine Soil Moisture in Rhizoboxes †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
2.2. Design of Microstrip Patch Antennas
2.3. Details of Rhizobox Used
2.4. Measurement of Reproducibility and Repeatability
2.5. Calibration Curves
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Measurement of S21 under Different Experimental Conditions
3.2. Evaluation of Reproducibility and Repeatability of the System Developed
3.3. Influence of Temperature During the Measurements of Volumetric Soil Moisture
3.4. The Calibration Curve and Modeling of Volumetric Soil Moisture θV as a Function of S21
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Medium | Volume Fraction in Deionized Water (DI Water) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm3/cm3) | (-) | (-) | (-) | (-) | |
Dioxane | 0.90 | 5.76 | 0.97 | 0.168 | 5.84 |
i-C3E1 | 1.00 | 6.71 | 2.87 | 0.428 | 7.30 |
i-C3E1 | 0.92 | 7.91 | 4.82 | 0.609 | 9.26 |
i-C3E1 | 0.86 | 9.51 | 6.57 | 0.691 | 11.56 |
i-C3E1 | 0.80 | 11.22 | 8.36 | 0.745 | 13.99 |
i-C3E1 | 0.73 | 14.03 | 10.84 | 0.773 | 17.73 |
i-C3E1 | 0.68 | 16.42 | 12.53 | 0.763 | 20.66 |
Samples | Clay | Sand | Silt | N | C | C/N | Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | % | % | mg/g | g/cm3 | ||
Nullerde (Einheitserde Typ 0) | 35.0 | - | - | 0.45 | 22.1 | 48.9 | 30.5 | 0.28 |
Dachstau den substrat Somi 513 (Kaktus soil) | 19.1 | - | 23.1 | 0.21 | 12.5 | 43.0 | 183 | 0.59 |
Dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol)—Cerrado Soil (Go/BR) | 58.2 | 18.4 | 23.4 | - | 18.5 | - | 120 | 1.19 |
Glass Beads * (210–250 µm) | 1.54 |
n0 | Samples | Equation | * R2 |
---|---|---|---|
(3) | Cerrado Soil ρss = 1.19 g/cm3 | Θv(%) = −0.00258 * S21(dB)3 + 0.07924 * S21(dB)2 + 0.27515 * S21(dB) − 4.72555 | 0.9834 |
(4) | Null Erde ρss = 0.28 g/cm3 | Θv(%) = −0.18679 * S21(dB)3 − 7.79899 * S21(dB)2 − 112.0218 * S21(dB) − 524.374 | 0.9804 |
(5) | Kaktus Soil ρss = 0.59 g/cm3 | Θv(%) = 0.1555 * S21(dB)3 + 4.16601 * × S21(dB)2 + 29.24777 * S21(dB) + 42.96299 | 0.9725 |
(6) | Glass Beads ρss = 1.54 g/cm3 | Θv(%) = −0.19723 * S21(dB)2 − 8.78181 * S21(dB) − 52.87515 | 0.9923 |
Time (DD:HH:mm) | (dB)/θV (%) 1 | STD S21 (dB) | |
---|---|---|---|
Start | 03:21:10 | −15.18/34.5 | 1.75 |
End | 06:20:50 | −14.39/27.2 | 2.03 |
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Herrmann, P.S.d.P.; Sydoruk, V.; Marques Porto, F.N. Microwave Transmittance Technique Using Microstrip Patch Antennas, as a Non-Invasive Tool to Determine Soil Moisture in Rhizoboxes. Sensors 2020, 20, 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041166
Herrmann PSdP, Sydoruk V, Marques Porto FN. Microwave Transmittance Technique Using Microstrip Patch Antennas, as a Non-Invasive Tool to Determine Soil Moisture in Rhizoboxes. Sensors. 2020; 20(4):1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041166
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerrmann, Paulo Sergio de Paula, Viktor Sydoruk, and Felipe Nieves Marques Porto. 2020. "Microwave Transmittance Technique Using Microstrip Patch Antennas, as a Non-Invasive Tool to Determine Soil Moisture in Rhizoboxes" Sensors 20, no. 4: 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041166