Evaluation of Three Portable Optical Sensors for Non-Destructive Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status in Winter Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Spectral Data Collection
2.3. Plant Sampling and Measurements
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Variability of Nitrogen Status Indicators
3.2. Dynamic Changes of Six Sensor-Based Indices under Different N Treatments
3.3. Relationship between the Six Sensors-Based Indices and Four N Indicators
3.4. Relationship between the Optimal Index of Each Sensor and N Nutrition Index
3.5. N Diagnosis of Winter Wheat Based on the SPAD, NBI, and NDRE at Different Growth Stages
4. Discussion
4.1. Wheat N Status Assessments Based on the Leaf and Canopy Sensors
4.2. Wheat N Nutrition Diagnosis Based on the Optimal Indices (SPAD, NBI, and NDRE) of Three Sensors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment No. Year | Location | Plot Size (m2) | Cultivar | N Rate (kg ha−1) | Sampling Stage (Date) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 2015–2016 | Sihong (33.37° N,118.26° E) | 42 (6 m × 7 m) | Xumai30 (XM30) Huaimai20 (HM20) | 0 90 180 270 360 | Jointing (5 April) Booting (15 April) Heading (22 April) Flowering (26 April) Filling (4 May) |
2 2016–2017 | Rugao (32.27° N, 120.75° E) | 30 (5 m × 6 m) | Yangmai15 (YM15) Yangmai16 (YM16) | 0 150 300 | Jointing (27 March) Booting (11 April) Flowering (22 April) Filling (7 May) |
3 2017–2018 | Xinghua (33.08° N, 119.98° E) | 63 (7 m × 9 m) | Zhenmai12 (ZM12) Yangmai23 (YM23) Ningmai13 (NM13) | 0 90 180 270 360 | Jointing (9 April) Booting (15 April) Flowering (24 April) Filling (9 May) |
Sensor Information | Chlorophyll Meter | Fluorescence Sensor | Reflectance Sensor |
---|---|---|---|
Sensor name | SPAD-502 | Dualex 4 Scientific+ | RapidScan CS-45 |
Manufacturer | Minolta Camera Co. (Osaka, Japan) | Force-A (Orsay, France) | Holland Scientific (Lincoln, NE, USA) |
Measurement scale | Leaf | Leaf | Canopy |
Field of view | - | - | 10°–45° |
Working height | - | - | 0.3–3.0 m |
Measurement area | 6 mm2 | 20 mm2 | Dependent on measurement height |
Measuring Principle | Transmittance | Fluorescence | Reflectance |
Spectral band | Red (650 nm) and near infrared (940 nm) | UV (375 nm), red (655 nm), red-edge (710 nm), and near infrared (850 nm) | Red (670 nm), red-edge (730 nm), and near infrared (780 nm) |
Output parameter | SPAD value | Chl, Flav, NBI | Reflectance (670, 730, 780 nm); NDRE, NDVI |
Abbreviation | SPAD meter | Dualex | RS sensor |
Parameter | Growth Stage | N | Min. | Max. | SD a | CV b (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LNC (%) | Jointing | 93 | 1.78 | 5.22 | 1.03 | 30.10 |
Booting | 93 | 2.14 | 5.39 | 0.84 | 23.35 | |
Flowering | 93 | 2.01 | 5.32 | 0.86 | 23.90 | |
Filling | 93 | 1.59 | 4.31 | 0.72 | 23.94 | |
All | 372 | 1.59 | 5.39 | 0.90 | 26.44 | |
LNA (kg ha−1) | Jointing | 93 | 8.64 | 158.33 | 40.01 | 64.23 |
Booting | 93 | 11.04 | 156.86 | 36.02 | 57.39 | |
Flowering | 93 | 11.55 | 123.44 | 26.75 | 50.93 | |
Filling | 93 | 5.51 | 90.58 | 22.23 | 55.39 | |
All | 372 | 5.51 | 144.86 | 33.22 | 61.04 | |
PNC (%) | Jointing | 93 | 1.06 | 3.50 | 0.71 | 34.36 |
Booting | 93 | 0.85 | 3.17 | 0.62 | 32.23 | |
Flowering | 93 | 0.71 | 2.61 | 0.50 | 31.34 | |
Filling | 93 | 0.68 | 2.04 | 0.36 | 27.59 | |
All | 372 | 0.68 | 3.50 | 0.64 | 37.23 | |
PNA (kg ha−1) | Jointing | 93 | 15.39 | 257.46 | 61.75 | 59.98 |
Booting | 93 | 21.27 | 274.88 | 58.92 | 51.29 | |
Flowering | 93 | 28.63 | 276.51 | 57.71 | 46.14 | |
Filling | 93 | 33.48 | 268.35 | 57.07 | 42.66 | |
All | 372 | 15.39 | 276.51 | 59.77 | 50.16 | |
NNI | Jointing | 93 | 0.34 | 1.92 | 0.45 | 46.37 |
Booting | 93 | 0.30 | 1.84 | 0.40 | 40.89 | |
Flowering | 93 | 0.33 | 1.65 | 0.34 | 37.20 | |
Filling | 93 | 0.34 | 1.41 | 0.28 | 33.10 | |
All | 372 | 0.30 | 1.92 | 0.38 | 40.45 |
Parameter | Sensor | Index | Jointing Stage | Booting Stage | Flowering Stage | Filling Stage | All Stage | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | |||
LNC (%) | SPAD | SPAD | 0.44 | 0.77 | 25.08 | 0.59 | 0.53 | 16.25 | 0.25 | 0.78 | 21.68 | 0.60 | 0.46 | 16.28 | 0.39 | 0.70 | 21.21 |
Dualex | NBI | 0.79 | 0.47 | 13.43 | 0.66 | 0.50 | 14.48 | 0.36 | 0.67 | 20.02 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 14.19 | 0.61 | 0.56 | 16.74 | |
Chl | 0.68 | 0.58 | 18.66 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 16.27 | 0.25 | 0.79 | 22.44 | 0.65 | 0.44 | 17.20 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 20.00 | ||
Flav | 0.66 | 0.60 | 19.21 | 0.43 | 0.63 | 19.22 | 0.27 | 0.74 | 21.34 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 19.24 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 20.70 | ||
RS | NDRE | 0.79 | 0.47 | 15.02 | 0.75 | 0.42 | 11.84 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 15.79 | 0.70 | 0.39 | 13.80 | 0.70 | 0.49 | 15.03 | |
NDVI | 0.72 | 0.55 | 18.61 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 17.05 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 17.86 | 0.62 | 0.44 | 19.45 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 19.03 | ||
LNA (kg ha−1) | SPAD | SPAD | 0.36 | 29.85 | 80.50 | 0.54 | 24.86 | 67.24 | 0.29 | 24.32 | 62.51 | 0.46 | 17.69 | 53.04 | 0.29 | 29.11 | 78.15 |
Dualex | NBI | 0.70 | 23.50 | 67.38 | 0.63 | 22.31 | 52.52 | 0.49 | 18.47 | 55.47 | 0.58 | 14.35 | 48.33 | 0.53 | 23.46 | 59.49 | |
Chl | 0.51 | 28.81 | 81.25 | 0.50 | 26.12 | 69.43 | 0.27 | 24.73 | 69.82 | 0.52 | 15.40 | 54.64 | 0.31 | 28.51 | 78.51 | ||
Flav | 0.50 | 30.23 | 83.25 | 0.49 | 28.32 | 70.21 | 0.49 | 18.95 | 58.39 | 0.50 | 15.55 | 60.67 | 0.53 | 23.43 | 68.19 | ||
RS | NDRE | 0.87 | 15.04 | 24.72 | 0.77 | 17.71 | 24.75 | 0.78 | 12.39 | 24.81 | 0.66 | 13.62 | 42.12 | 0.67 | 19.79 | 40.55 | |
NDVI | 0.86 | 16.27 | 37.82 | 0.68 | 20.55 | 37.09 | 0.74 | 13.65 | 33.63 | 0.66 | 15.49 | 44.25 | 0.63 | 21.43 | 42.00 | ||
PNC (%) | SPAD | SPAD | 0.36 | 0.53 | 31.75 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 26.44 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 29.56 | 0.57 | 0.24 | 18.22 | 0.28 | 0.55 | 33.85 |
Dualex | NBI | 0.76 | 0.36 | 17.22 | 0.65 | 0.36 | 21.85 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 24.04 | 0.70 | 0.19 | 15.63 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 27.44 | |
Chl | 0.64 | 0.44 | 21.24 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 26.02 | 0.29 | 0.42 | 29.24 | 0.69 | 0.21 | 17.93 | 0.29 | 0.54 | 32.28 | ||
Flav | 0.61 | 0.45 | 24.84 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 29.61 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 32.47 | 0.44 | 0.27 | 22.63 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 31.85 | ||
RS | NDRE | 0.72 | 0.39 | 21.73 | 0.74 | 0.32 | 18.41 | 0.73 | 0.26 | 18.35 | 0.74 | 0.18 | 14.81 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 27.34 | |
NDVI | 0.57 | 0.48 | 28.37 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 27.36 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 27.65 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 22.97 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 32.41 | ||
PNA (kg ha−1) | SPAD | SPAD | 0.36 | 52.96 | 82.88 | 0.54 | 41.29 | 58.97 | 0.23 | 50.33 | 65.98 | 0.34 | 46.28 | 56.56 | 0.30 | 49.14 | 80.28 |
Dualex | NBI | 0.72 | 35.06 | 65.43 | 0.67 | 34.63 | 44.69 | 0.53 | 39.32 | 38.80 | 0.57 | 37.34 | 35.46 | 0.59 | 39.32 | 57.96 | |
Chl | 0.50 | 46.95 | 77.54 | 0.52 | 41.78 | 59.44 | 0.24 | 50.07 | 56.16 | 0.53 | 38.86 | 39.77 | 0.38 | 47.87 | 74.69 | ||
Flav | 0.50 | 46.22 | 78.85 | 0.52 | 41.89 | 63.11 | 0.44 | 43.10 | 51.64 | 0.48 | 41.07 | 39.66 | 0.48 | 44.09 | 72.33 | ||
RS | NDRE | 0.87 | 24.09 | 20.56 | 0.75 | 30.26 | 24.00 | 0.76 | 27.96 | 21.18 | 0.64 | 36.39 | 36.21 | 0.68 | 34.72 | 32.53 | |
NDVI | 0.82 | 28.22 | 33.07 | 0.65 | 35.41 | 34.41 | 0.57 | 37.59 | 33.69 | 0.62 | 37.24 | 37.99 | 0.62 | 37.50 | 36.91 |
Index | Cultivar | Jointing Stage | Booting Stage | Flowering Stage | Filling Stage | All Stage | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | R2 | RMSE | RE (%) | ||
SPAD | XM30 | 0.81 | 0.22 | 34.38 | 0.70 | 0.22 | 21.74 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 24.47 | 0.76 | 0.20 | 26.01 | 0.73 | 0.21 | 31.36 |
HM20 | 0.31 | 0.48 | 77.65 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 52.62 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 48.29 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 45.56 | 0.48 | 0.33 | 55.81 | |
YM15 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 27.51 | 0.72 | 0.18 | 18.54 | 0.81 | 0.23 | 45.14 | 0.77 | 0.13 | 20.78 | 0.63 | 0.18 | 32.28 | |
YM16 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 52.65 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 63.60 | 0.78 | 0.36 | 62.99 | 0.78 | 0.20 | 29.82 | 0.56 | 0.29 | 59.45 | |
ZM12 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 27.09 | 0.84 | 0.25 | 18.51 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 29.42 | 0.78 | 0.17 | 15.45 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 27.28 | |
YM23 | 0.79 | 0.42 | 29.93 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 29.04 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 26.18 | 0.87 | 0.20 | 17.45 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 27.91 | |
NM13 | 0.50 | 0.28 | 19.65 | 0.68 | 0.24 | 29.45 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 29.08 | 0.78 | 0.14 | 15.67 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 27.95 | |
All varieties | 0.40 | 0.36 | 48.06 | 0.53 | 0.27 | 35.75 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 38.68 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 26.44 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 38.41 | |
NBI | XM30 | 0.83 | 0.18 | 23.04 | 0.87 | 0.15 | 16.68 | 0.75 | 0.18 | 16.74 | 0.77 | 0.15 | 18.94 | 0.73 | 0.19 | 21.56 |
HM20 | 0.85 | 0.13 | 19.35 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 23.03 | 0.78 | 0.15 | 22.58 | 0.78 | 0.13 | 20.76 | 0.74 | 0.15 | 21.90 | |
YM15 | 0.55 | 0.13 | 24.46 | 0.87 | 0.11 | 16.53 | 0.87 | 0.20 | 40.36 | 0.72 | 0.15 | 23.49 | 0.75 | 0.16 | 28.27 | |
YM16 | 0.79 | 0.17 | 36.40 | 0.54 | 0.24 | 48.32 | 0.75 | 0.33 | 52.83 | 0.77 | 0.13 | 18.37 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 43.45 | |
ZM12 | 0.66 | 0.29 | 21.47 | 0.76 | 0.23 | 22.69 | 0.49 | 0.28 | 21.96 | 0.78 | 0.13 | 12.78 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 21.25 | |
YM23 | 0.88 | 0.24 | 20.47 | 0.59 | 0.33 | 25.54 | 0.33 | 0.27 | 24.07 | 0.84 | 0.19 | 16.18 | 0.65 | 0.29 | 23.27 | |
NM13 | 0.53 | 0.28 | 19.33 | 0.76 | 0.19 | 20.40 | 0.58 | 0.26 | 24.52 | 0.78 | 0.13 | 14.19 | 0.56 | 0.24 | 22.46 | |
All varieties | 0.78 | 0.22 | 23.12 | 0.71 | 0.22 | 27.03 | 0.54 | 0.23 | 28.44 | 0.72 | 0.15 | 17.73 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 26.43 | |
NDRE | XM30 | 0.96 | 0.14 | 13.94 | 0.95 | 0.13 | 13.89 | 0.83 | 0.15 | 17.53 | 0.85 | 0.16 | 22.62 | 0.87 | 0.16 | 18.53 |
HM20 | 0.87 | 0.18 | 19.91 | 0.73 | 0.17 | 19.43 | 0.81 | 0.13 | 15.62 | 0.74 | 0.17 | 28.02 | 0.75 | 0.16 | 21.44 | |
YM15 | 0.75 | 0.15 | 22.62 | 0.89 | 0.10 | 10.75 | 0.86 | 0.13 | 21.56 | 0.76 | 0.12 | 15.92 | 0.72 | 0.16 | 24.39 | |
YM16 | 0.83 | 0.15 | 29.27 | 0.97 | 0.09 | 10.04 | 0.83 | 0.14 | 24.69 | 0.96 | 0.07 | 10.18 | 0.85 | 0.12 | 20.12 | |
ZM12 | 0.91 | 0.18 | 15.28 | 0.77 | 0.22 | 20.23 | 0.76 | 0.20 | 16.75 | 0.75 | 0.17 | 15.22 | 0.71 | 0.24 | 20.68 | |
YM23 | 0.93 | 0.19 | 13.72 | 0.74 | 0.24 | 18.44 | 0.84 | 0.12 | 12.19 | 0.83 | 0.21 | 18.15 | 0.67 | 0.26 | 19.93 | |
NM13 | 0.81 | 0.17 | 16.47 | 0.79 | 0.21 | 24.18 | 0.79 | 0.15 | 15.26 | 0.86 | 0.10 | 11.66 | 0.70 | 0.20 | 20.47 | |
All varieties | 0.87 | 0.17 | 18.48 | 0.79 | 0.18 | 18.11 | 0.81 | 0.15 | 17.31 | 0.79 | 0.14 | 16.82 | 0.73 | 0.20 | 20.66 |
Index | Areal Agreement | Kappa Coefficient | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jointing | Booting | Flowering | Filling | Jointing | Booting | Flowering | Filling | |
SPAD | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.34 |
NBI | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.42 | 0.49 |
NDRE | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.53 |
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Jiang, J.; Wang, C.; Wang, H.; Fu, Z.; Cao, Q.; Tian, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Cao, W.; Liu, X. Evaluation of Three Portable Optical Sensors for Non-Destructive Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status in Winter Wheat. Sensors 2021, 21, 5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165579
Jiang J, Wang C, Wang H, Fu Z, Cao Q, Tian Y, Zhu Y, Cao W, Liu X. Evaluation of Three Portable Optical Sensors for Non-Destructive Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status in Winter Wheat. Sensors. 2021; 21(16):5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165579
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Jie, Cuicun Wang, Hui Wang, Zhaopeng Fu, Qiang Cao, Yongchao Tian, Yan Zhu, Weixing Cao, and Xiaojun Liu. 2021. "Evaluation of Three Portable Optical Sensors for Non-Destructive Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status in Winter Wheat" Sensors 21, no. 16: 5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165579
APA StyleJiang, J., Wang, C., Wang, H., Fu, Z., Cao, Q., Tian, Y., Zhu, Y., Cao, W., & Liu, X. (2021). Evaluation of Three Portable Optical Sensors for Non-Destructive Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status in Winter Wheat. Sensors, 21(16), 5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165579