Fatigue Effect on Minimal Toe Clearance and Toe Activity during Walking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clog-Integrated Sensor System for Measuring FA and MTC
2.1. Overview
2.2. Structure
2.3. Wireless Data Transfer
2.4. Deviation of Contact Area and Corresponding FA
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Procedure
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Evaluation of Fatigue Effects by Considering All the Participants as a Group
4.2. Evaluation of Fatigue Effects by Considering the Participants Individually
5. Discussion
5.1. Evaluation of Fatigue Effects by Considering All the Participants as a Group
5.2. Evaluation of Fatigue Effects by Considering the Participants Individually
5.3. Limitation: Future Lines of Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Before | After | Rate of Change | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Left foot | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 210 ± 62 | 200 ± 58 | 0.95 | 0.41 |
FA (mean of std.) | 19 ± 4.3 | 21 ± 4.6 | 1.1 | 0.45 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 15 ± 5.7 | 15 ± 6.1 | 1.0 | 0.88 |
MTC (mean of std.) | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 0.96 | 0.67 |
Right foot | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 190 ± 49 | 200 ± 53 | 1.1 | 0.47 |
FA (mean of std.) | 21 ± 9.8 | 17 ± 7.0 | 0.81 | 0.050 2 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 15 ± 5.2 | 19 ± 6.1 | 1.3 | 0.038 (<0.05) 2 |
MTC (mean of std.) | 5.1 ± 2.8 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.47 |
(a) Left foot | ||||
Before | After | Rate of change | p-Value 1 | |
1 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 320 ± 22 | 280 ± 25 | 0.88 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 21 ± 4.7 | 26 ± 4.9 | 1.2 | 0.0002 |
2 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 140 ± 13 | 150 ± 33 | 1.1 | 0.0222 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 21 ± 4.4 | 20 ± 3.9 | 0.95 | 0.77 |
3 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 180 ± 17 | 200 ± 18 | 1.1 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 5.5 ± 2.7 | 4.3 ± 2.5 | 0.78 | 0.27 |
4 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 200 ± 16 | 220 ± 21 | 1.1 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 14 ± 6.0 | 12 ± 6.9 | 0.86 | 0.19 |
5 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 150 ± 21 | 140 ± 16 | 0.93 | 0.0012 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 8.6 ± 4.3 | 14 ± 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.0002 |
6 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 140 ± 24 | 170 ± 25 | 1.2 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 8.9 ± 3.8 | 7.8 ± 3.5 | 0.88 | 0.16 |
7 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 260 ± 13 | 210 ± 20 | 0.81 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 11 ± 3.3 | 11 ± 3.5 | 1.0 | 0.62 |
8 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 300 ± 24 | 290 ± 21 | 0.97 | 0.10 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 12 ± 4.2 | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 0.79 | 0.00532 |
9 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 280 ± 21 | 260 ± 19 | 0.93 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 19 ± 5.1 | 22 ± 6.2 | 1.2 | 0.0402 |
10 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 190 ± 25 | 140 ± 15 | 0.74 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 18 ± 4.5 | 15 ± 3.8 | 0.83 | 0.00112 |
11 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 230 ± 20 | 270 ± 21 | 1.2 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 17 ± 4.1 | 12 ± 3.7 | 0.71 | 0.0002 |
12 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 170 ± 16 | 110 ± 19 | 0.65 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 13 ± 3.4 | 17 ± 4.1 | 1.30 | 0.0002 |
13 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 180 ± 13 | 210 ± 20 | 1.2 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 26 ± 7.8 | 20 ± 4.2 | 0.77 | 0.0192 |
14 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 150 ± 22 | 150 ± 14 | 1.0 | 0.52 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 14 ± 4.1 | 20 ± 5.9 | 1.4 | 0.00222 |
(b) Right foot | ||||
Before | After | Rate of change | p-Value 1 | |
1 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 250 ± 29 | 270 ± 16 | 1.1 | 0.00322 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 21 ± 5.4 | 22 ± 6.8 | 1.0 | 0.30 |
2 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 180 ± 25 | 200 ± 14 | 1.1 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 19 ± 4.2 | 17 ± 6.5 | 0.89 | 0.19 |
3 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 160 ± 12 | 190 ± 20 | 1.2 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 7.5 ± 3.0 | 12 ± 4.2 | 1.6 | 0.000 |
4 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 150 ± 19 | 170 ± 16 | 1.1 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 27 ± 14 | 31 ± 8.9 | 1.1 | 0.20 |
5 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 92 ± 19 | 95 ± 22 | 1.0 | 0.55 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 9.0 ± 3.6 | 25 ± 7.3 | 2.8 | 0.0002 |
6 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 240 ± 44 | 230 ± 32 | 0.96 | 0.23 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 12 ± 3.7 | 17 ± 4.8 | 1.4 | 0.0002 |
7 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 220 ± 14 | 140 ± 16 | 0.64 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 13 ± 3.8 | 17 ± 4.2 | 1.3 | 0.0002 |
8 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 260 ± 30 | 260 ± 26 | 1.0 | 0.98 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 16 ± 4.1 | 19 ± 6.0 | 1.2 | 0.0122 |
9 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 210 ± 33 | 240 ± 25 | 1.1 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 20 ± 7.3 | 22 ± 5.8 | 1.1 | 0.15 |
10 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 150 ± 19 | 140 ± 11 | 0.93 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 9.7 ± 4.1 | 11 ± 5.2 | 1.1 | 0.32 |
11 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 250 ± 8.6 | 270 ± 8.4 | 1.1 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 15 ± 4.0 | 14 ± 4.2 | 0.93 | 0.063 |
12 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 150 ± 15 | 160 ± 14 | 1.1 | 0.00542 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 16 ± 4.6 | 11 ± 3.5 | 0.69 | 0.0002 |
13 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 180 ± 14 | 190 ± 15 | 1.1 | 0.0212 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 13 ± 3.9 | 16 ± 4.3 | 1.2 | 0.0402 |
14 | ||||
FA (mean (pixel/mm) ± std.) | 160 ± 14 | 190 ± 7.3 | 1.2 | 0.0002 |
MTC (mean (mm) ± std.) | 17 ± 5.2 | 26 ± 5.2 | 1.5 | 0.0002 |
(a) Left foot | |||||
MTC | Subtotal (FA) | ||||
Up | Down | - | |||
FA | Up | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
Down | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
- | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
Subtotal (MTC) | 5 | 4 | 5 | ||
(b) Right foot | |||||
MTC | Subtotal (FA) | ||||
Up | Down | - | |||
FA | Up | 3 | 1 | 5 | 9 |
Down | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
- | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
Subtotal (MTC) | 7 | 1 | 6 |
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Jin, Y.; Sano, Y.; Shogenji, M.; Watanabe, T. Fatigue Effect on Minimal Toe Clearance and Toe Activity during Walking. Sensors 2022, 22, 9300. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239300
Jin Y, Sano Y, Shogenji M, Watanabe T. Fatigue Effect on Minimal Toe Clearance and Toe Activity during Walking. Sensors. 2022; 22(23):9300. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239300
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Yingjie, Yui Sano, Miho Shogenji, and Tetsuyou Watanabe. 2022. "Fatigue Effect on Minimal Toe Clearance and Toe Activity during Walking" Sensors 22, no. 23: 9300. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239300