The Validity and Reliability of a New Intelligent Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis System in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Post-Stroke
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Odonate Conditions
2.3. Testing Procedures
2.4. Data Processing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gait Spatiotemporal Parameters
3.2. Joint Kinematics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spatiotemporal Parameters | Odonate-Reliability | ICC3,1 (95%CI) | Odonate-Validity | Cohen’s d | r | ICC2,1 (95%CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day1-A | Day1-B | Day2-A | Inter-Rater | Intra-Rater | Odonate | Vicon | |||||
healthy subjects | |||||||||||
Gait Cycle (s) | 1.111 ± 0.067 | 1.114 ± 0.079 | 1.114 ± 0.073 | 0.955 (0.899, 0.980) | 0.968 (0.928, 0.986) | 1.118 ± 0.070 | 1.115 ± 0.081 | 0.029 | 0.947 | 0.968 (0.929, 0.986) | |
Step Length (m) | 0.599 ± 0.057 | 0.602 ± 0.054 | 0.597 ± 0.051 | 0.974 (0.942, 0.988) | 0.955 (0.899, 0.980) | 0.594 ± 0.055 | 0.600 ± 0.055 | 0.167 | 0.956 | 0.977 (0.950, 0.990) | |
Gait Velocity (m/s) | 1.077 ± 0.117 | 1.081 ± 0.129 | 1.074 ± 0.111 | 0.985 (0.965, 0.993) | 0.981 (0.958, 0.992) | 1.069 ± 0.118 | 1.079 ± 0.112 | 0.186 | 0.974 | 0.987 (0.971, 0.994) | |
Cadence (step/min) | 113.481 ± 11.431 | 113.477 ± 11.662 | 112.951 ± 11.710 | 0.988 (0.974, 0.995) | 0.988 (0.973, 0.995) | 112.385 ± 11.196 | 113.245 ± 11.763 | 0.075 | 0.981 | 0.990 (0.977, 0.995) | |
Stance Phase (%) | 63.442 ± 2.546 | 62.726 ± 2.569 | 63.216 ± 2.260 | 0.942 (0.871, 0.974) | 0.801 (0.555, 0.911) | 63.262 ± 2.196 | 63.979 ± 3.304 | 0.256 | 0.838 | 0.872 (0.714, 0.943) | |
Swing Phase (%) | 36.558 ± 2.546 | 37.274 ± 2.569 | 36.784 ± 2.260 | 0.942 (0.871, 0.974) | 0.801 (0.555, 0.911) | 36.738 ± 2.196 | 36.020 ± 3.304 | 0.256 | 0.838 | 0.872 (0.714, 0.943) | |
Double Support (%) | 26.911 ± 5.073 | 25.431 ± 4.669 a | 26.573 ± 4.742 | 0.931 (0.845, 0.969) | 0.872 (0.714, 0.943) | 26.525 ± 4.374 | 24.960 ± 3.516 b | 0.395 | 0.776 | 0.863 (0.694, 0.938) | |
Affected Side | |||||||||||
Gait Cycle (s) | 1.346 ± 0.204 | 1.350 ± 0.191 | 1.365 ± 0.213 | 0.983 (0.953, 0.994) | 0.932 (0.805, 0.976) | 1.367 ± 0.219 | 1.354 ± 0.205 | 0.059 | 0.942 | 0.969 (0.912, 0.989) | |
Step Length (m) | 0.401 ± 0.088 | 0.404 ± 0.076 | 0.400 ± 0.085 | 0.973 (0.923, 0.991) | 0.980 (0.944, 0.993) | 0.400 ± 0.092 | 0.403 ± 0.081 | 0.045 | 0.920 | 0.954 (0.869, 0.984) | |
Gait Velocity (m/s) | 0.622 ± 0.160 | 0.6112 ± 0.160 | 0.616 ± 0.166 | 0.983 (0.951, 0.994) | 0.984 (0.954, 0.994) | 0.614 ± 0.159 | 0.618 ± 0.163 | 0.028 | 0.962 | 0.980 (0.944, 0.993) | |
Cadence (step/min) | 93.393 ± 14.693 | 92.837 ± 13.937 | 92.126 ± 14.455 | 0.984 (0.955, 0.995) | 0.958 (0.881, 0.985) | 92.122 ± 14.493 | 92.832± 14.333 | 0.049 | 0.953 | 0.976 (0.931, 0.992) | |
Stance Phase (%) | 65.614± 2.290 | 64.932 ± 2.484 | 65.689 ± 3.248 | 0.855 (0.585, 0.949) | 0.837 (0.533, 0.943) | 65.176 ± 2.861 | 65.936 ± 2.869 | 0.265 | 0.782 | 0.877 (0.649, 0.957) | |
Swing Phase (%) | 34.386 ± 2.288 | 35.068 ± 2.484 | 34.311 ± 3.248 | 0.855 (0.585, 0.949) | 0.837 (0.533, 0.943) | 34.824 ± 2.861 | 34.064 ± 2.869 | 0.265 | 0.782 | 0.877 (0.649, 0.957) | |
Double Support (%) | 35.062 ± 5.499 | 33.063 ± 6.304 a | 36.465 ± 5.994 | 0.889 (0.681, 0.961) | 0.832 (0.518, 0.941) | 32.689 ± 4.995 | 34.806 ± 7.912 | 0.320 | 0.873 | 0.881 (0.660, 0.959) | |
Unaffected Side | |||||||||||
Gait Cycle (s) | 1.350 ± 0.204 | 1.367 ± 0.216 | 1.346 ± 0.188 | 0.967 (0.905, 0.988) | 0.971 (0.916, 0.990) | 1.355 ± 0.188 | 1.363 ± 0.219 | 0.043 | 0.938 | 0.962 (0.891, 0.987) | |
Step Length (m) | 0.398 ± 0.092 | 0.396 ± 0.084 | 0.387 ± 0.071 | 0.979 (0.938, 0.992) | 0.840 (0.543, 0.944) | 0.403 ± 0.077 | 0.393 ± 0.075 | 0.126 | 0.910 | 0.953 (0.865, 0.984) | |
Gait Velocity (m/s) | 0.613 ± 0.161 | 0.609 ± 0.160 | 0.627 ± 0.163 | 0.980 (0.943, 0.993) | 0.987 (0.962, 0.995) | 0.618 ± 0.156 | 0.620 ± 0.163 | 0.010 | 0.965 | 0.982 (0.947, 0.994) | |
Cadence (step/min) | 93.123 ± 14.365 | 92.041 ± 14.486 | 92.991 ± 13.540 | 0.982 (0.948, 0.994) | 0.984 (0.954, 0.994) | 92.386 ± 13.160 | 92.332 ± 14.559 | 0.004 | 0.960 | 0.977 (0.934, 0.992) | |
Stance Phase (%) | 68.054 ± 3.737 | 68.344 ± 3.914 | 67.452 ± 3.598 | 0.946 (0.846, 0.981) | 0.887 (0.678, 0.961) | 68.521 ± 3.196 | 66.842 ± 3.562 b | 0.496 | 0.795 | 0.883 (0.665, 0.959) | |
Swing Phase (%) | 31.946 ± 3.737 | 31.656 ± 3.914 | 32.548 ± 3.598 | 0.946 (0.846, 0.981) | 0.887 (0.678, 0.961) | 34.479 ± 3.196 | 33.158 ± 3.562 b | 0.496 | 0.795 | 0.883 (0.665, 0.959) | |
Double Support (%) | 35.113 ± 5.815 | 32.543 ± 5.532 a | 33.328 ± 5.532 | 0.905 (0.729, 0.967) | 0.837 (0.532, 0.943) | 32.820 ± 4.521 | 35.257 ± 6.384 b | 0.441 | 0.792 | 0.855 (0.586, 0.949) |
Variable | Inter-Rater Reliability | Intra-Rater Reliability | Validity |
---|---|---|---|
Healthy Subjects | |||
Hip | 0.999 | 0.996 | 0.989 |
Knee | 0.999 | 0.995 | 0.977 |
Ankle | 0.983 | 0.977 | 0.917 |
Affected Side | |||
Hip | 0.982 | 0.987 | 0.977 |
Knee | 0.953 | 0.963 | 0.978 |
Ankle | 0.946 | 0.909 | 0.868 |
Unaffected Side | |||
Hip | 0.989 | 0.985 | 0.988 |
Knee | 0.982 | 0.980 | 0.976 |
Ankle | 0.934 | 0.950 | 0.917 |
Authors | Systems | Subjects | Conditions | Consistency | Kinematics | Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ma et al. [24] | Kinect v2 VS. Motion Analysis | 10 children with cerebral palsy | Walk | CMC | Hip flexion/extension | 0.75 to 0.81 |
Knee flexion/extension | 0.85 to 0.87 | |||||
Ankle dorsi/plantarflexion | 0 to 0.43 | |||||
Eltoukhy et al. [27] | Kinect v2 VS. BTS System | 11 healthy subjects and 8 patients with Parkinson’s Disease | Walk | ICC (Consistency and Agreement) | Hip ROM | 0.86 to 0.98 |
Knee ROM | 0.69 to 0.98 | |||||
Ankle ROM | 0.13 to 0.28 | |||||
Eltoukhy et al. [33] | Kinect v2 VS. BTS System | 10 healthy subjects | Walk with different speeds | ICC (Consistency and Agreement) | Hip ROM | 0.77 to 0.86 |
Knee ROM | 0.68 to 0.82 | |||||
Ankle ROM | –0.39 to 0.05 | |||||
Oh et al. [34] | Kinect v2 VS. BTS System | 12 healthy subjects | Stair ascent and descent | ICC (Consistency and Agreement) | Peak hip angle | 0.86 to 0.97 |
Peak knee angle | 0.54 to 0.95 | |||||
Peak ankle angle | –0.26 to 0.33 | |||||
Timmi et al. [35] | Kinect v2 VS. Vicon | 20 healthy subjects | Fast walk | Range of LOA | Hip marker coordinates (x,y,z) | (7.7, 10, 8.3) mm |
Knee marker coordinates (x,y,z) | (8.7, 12.3, 11.6) mm | |||||
Ankle marker coordinates (x,y,z) | (10.8, 15.1, 26.2) mm |
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Wang, Y.; Tang, R.; Wang, H.; Yu, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, C.; Wang, L.; Qie, S. The Validity and Reliability of a New Intelligent Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis System in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Post-Stroke. Sensors 2022, 22, 9425. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239425
Wang Y, Tang R, Wang H, Yu X, Li Y, Wang C, Wang L, Qie S. The Validity and Reliability of a New Intelligent Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis System in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Post-Stroke. Sensors. 2022; 22(23):9425. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239425
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yingpeng, Ran Tang, Hujun Wang, Xin Yu, Yingqi Li, Congxiao Wang, Luyi Wang, and Shuyan Qie. 2022. "The Validity and Reliability of a New Intelligent Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis System in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Post-Stroke" Sensors 22, no. 23: 9425. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239425