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Article

Quantitative GC–TCD Measurements of Major Flatus Components: A Preliminary Analysis of the Diet Effect

by
Rafael Freire
1,
Marianela Mego
2,
Luciana Fontes Oliveira
1,
Silvia Mas
1,
Fernando Azpiroz
3,4,
Santiago Marco
1,5,* and
Antonio Pardo
5
1
Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
2
Hospital General de Catalunya, Pedro i Pons, 1, 08190 Sant Cugat del Vallésa, Spain
3
Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd) Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
4
Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
5
Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2022, 22(3), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030838
Submission received: 23 December 2021 / Revised: 14 January 2022 / Accepted: 21 January 2022 / Published: 22 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Portable Electronic-Nose Devices for Noninvasive Early Disease Detection)
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Abstract

The impact of diet and digestive disorders in flatus composition remains largely unexplored. This is partially due to the lack of standardized sampling collection methods, and the easy atmospheric contamination. This paper describes a method to quantitatively determine the major gases in flatus and their application in a nutritional intervention. We describe how to direct sample flatus into Tedlar bags, and simultaneous analysis by gas chromatography–thermal conductivity detection (GC–TCD). Results are analyzed by univariate hypothesis testing and by multilevel principal component analysis. The reported methodology allows simultaneous determination of the five major gases with root mean measurement errors of 0.8% for oxygen (O2), 0.9% for nitrogen (N2), 0.14% for carbon dioxide (CO2), 0.11% for methane (CH4), and 0.26% for hydrogen (H2). The atmospheric contamination was limited to 0.86 (95% CI: [0.7–1.0])% for oxygen and 3.4 (95% CI: [1.4–5.3])% for nitrogen. As an illustration, the method has been successfully applied to measure the response to a nutritional intervention in a reduced crossover study in healthy subjects.
Keywords: major flatus gas components; diet effect on flatus; multilevel principal component analysis; rectal gas collection major flatus gas components; diet effect on flatus; multilevel principal component analysis; rectal gas collection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Freire, R.; Mego, M.; Oliveira, L.F.; Mas, S.; Azpiroz, F.; Marco, S.; Pardo, A. Quantitative GC–TCD Measurements of Major Flatus Components: A Preliminary Analysis of the Diet Effect. Sensors 2022, 22, 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030838

AMA Style

Freire R, Mego M, Oliveira LF, Mas S, Azpiroz F, Marco S, Pardo A. Quantitative GC–TCD Measurements of Major Flatus Components: A Preliminary Analysis of the Diet Effect. Sensors. 2022; 22(3):838. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030838

Chicago/Turabian Style

Freire, Rafael, Marianela Mego, Luciana Fontes Oliveira, Silvia Mas, Fernando Azpiroz, Santiago Marco, and Antonio Pardo. 2022. "Quantitative GC–TCD Measurements of Major Flatus Components: A Preliminary Analysis of the Diet Effect" Sensors 22, no. 3: 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030838

APA Style

Freire, R., Mego, M., Oliveira, L. F., Mas, S., Azpiroz, F., Marco, S., & Pardo, A. (2022). Quantitative GC–TCD Measurements of Major Flatus Components: A Preliminary Analysis of the Diet Effect. Sensors, 22(3), 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030838

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