Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Considerations of the EWHGNS
2.1. OSA Detector
2.2. Hypoglossal Nerve–Electrode Interface
2.3. Stimulation Parameters
2.4. Voltage Consideration
2.5. Wireless Power Transfer
2.5.1. Specific Absorption Rate
2.5.2. Operating Frequency
2.6. Data Exchange
2.7. Architecture of the EWHGNS
3. Design and Implementation of The Proposed System
3.1. OSA Detector
3.2. Wireless Power Transfer
3.3. Power Management Module
3.3.1. Rectifier Circuit
3.3.2. Bandgap Reference Circuit
3.3.3. Low-Dropout Regulator Circuit
3.4. Binary Phase-Shift-Keying-Based Data Communication
3.5. Output Stage of Biphasic Current Stimulation
4. Results
4.1. OSA Detector Result
4.2. Wireless Power Transfer Link Results
4.3. Implant Results
4.3.1. Power Management Module
4.3.2. Binary Phase-Shift Keying Building Block
4.3.3. Output Stage of Biphasic Current Stimulation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methods | Advantages | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
PSG | Accurate | Complex instrument; laboratory testing; costly and time-consuming | [11,12] |
ECG | Accurate | Need algorithm to analyze data | [13,14] |
Sound Sensing | Non-contact | Low accuracy; susceptible to noise; in R&D stage | [12,13,15] |
Remote-Based | Non-contact | Sensitive to interference from the subject’s movements and activities; in R&D stage | [12,15] |
Parameters | Value/Technique | |
---|---|---|
OSA monitor | ECG | |
Wireless power transfer | Inductive link | |
RX (size, dimension) | ≈10 mm | |
D (Skin separating TX and RX) | 5 mm | |
Carrier frequency | 2 MHz | |
Data exchange | Modulation type | BPSK |
Information stream | 10 bit | |
Power management | Input (Volt) | AC (1–3.3) |
Output(Volt) | DC (1.2; 1.8; and 3.1) | |
Stimulation stage | Power supply (Volt) | 3.1 |
Stimulus type | Biphasic current | |
Frequency range | 10–40 Hz | |
Current density range | 0–2.4 mA | |
Digital/analog converter | 5 bit | |
Number of channels | 1 | |
Nerve–electrode interface | 1 k, 400 nF |
Name | Expression | Description |
---|---|---|
k | Coupling coefficient of two coils | |
Quality factor of the primary coil | ||
Quality factor of the secondary coil | ||
Quality factor of the load | ||
2f | Angular frequency |
Method | Segmentation | SEN (%) | SPE (%) | PRE (%) | ACC (%) | F1 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KNN [37] | 60 s | 82.00 | 82.00 | 81.45 | 82.21 | 81.72 |
SVM [38] | 60 s | 81.24 | 69.84 | 72.90 | 75.54 | 76.84 |
RNN [39] | 60 s | 97.00 | 87.00 | 84.70 | 85.40 | 71.79 |
Filter + CNN | 60 s | 88.64 | 85.72 | 83.42 | 86.74 | 85.95 |
120 s | 93.52 | 83.73 | 84.23 | 88.68 | 88.63 |
Description | [40] | [41] | [42] | This Work (Mea.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tx: | 245 | 289 | 139 | 88 |
Rx: | 161 | 31 | 22 | 10 |
Coupling: k | 0.1 | 3.5 | N/A | 0.09 |
PTE (air): | 76.3 | N/A | N/A | 39.8 |
PTE (skin): | N/A | N/A | 18 | 31.8 |
Dia. of Rx (mm) | 22 | 1 | 2.5 | 9.2 |
Frequency (MHz) | 13.56 | 20 | 60 | 2 |
Distance (mm) | N/A | 10 | 5 | 5 |
Max PDL (mW) | N/A | 2.2 | N/A | 20 |
Publications | [40] | [43] | [44] | This Work |
---|---|---|---|---|
CMOS process (m) | 0.18 | 0.5 | 0.35 | 0.04 |
Structure | Doubler LDO | Adaptive Active | Doubler | Doubler LDO |
Frequency (MHz) | 13.56 | 2 | 6.78 | 2 |
(V) | 1.192 | 5 | 1–1.7 | 1.4–2.6 |
(V) | 2 | 2.5–4.6 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
(V) | 1.8 | N/A | N/A | 1.2, 1.8, 3.1 |
(V) | 0.38 | N/A | N/A | 0.13 |
PCE (%) | 85 | 72–87 | 92.2 | 77.5 |
(k) | 0.1 | = 2.8 mA | 0.5 | 1 |
Chip Area (mm) (Without PAD) | 0.12 | 0.3 | N/A | 0.064 |
Publications | [46] | [45] | [29] | This Work |
---|---|---|---|---|
CMOS Technology (m) | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.5 | 0.04 |
Carrier Freq. (MHz) | 13.56 | 2 | 13.56 | 2 |
Type | PLL-Based | PLL-Less | PLL-Based | PLL-Based |
High-Q Telemetry | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Power Consumption (W) | 217 | 82 | 5148 | 42 |
Date Rate (Mb/s) | 0.211 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
Supply Voltage (V) | 2 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 0.7 |
Energy Efficiency (pJ/bit) | 1028 | 82 | 257,400 | 672 |
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Xia, F.; Li, H.; Li, Y.; Liu, X.; Xu, Y.; Fang, C.; Hou, Q.; Lin, S.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, J.; et al. Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sensors 2023, 23, 8882. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218882
Xia F, Li H, Li Y, Liu X, Xu Y, Fang C, Hou Q, Lin S, Zhang Z, Yang J, et al. Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sensors. 2023; 23(21):8882. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218882
Chicago/Turabian StyleXia, Fen, Hanrui Li, Yixi Li, Xing Liu, Yankun Xu, Chaoming Fang, Qiming Hou, Siyu Lin, Zhao Zhang, Jie Yang, and et al. 2023. "Minimally Invasive Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Enabled by ECG Sensor and WPT to Manage Obstructive Sleep Apnea" Sensors 23, no. 21: 8882. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218882