A Review of Clothing Components in the Development of Wearable Textile Antennas: Design and Experimental Procedure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clothing Components in Wearable Textile Antennas
2.1. Buttons
2.1.1. Buttons
2.1.2. Snap-On Buttons
2.2. Velcro
2.3. Zip
2.4. Discussion on Research Data of Wearable Textile Antennas Characteristics and Performance
3. Design Procedure
- (a)
- Concept selection
- (b)
- Materials definition and characterization
- (c)
- Reference antenna design
- (d)
- CC antenna initial design and modeling
- (e)
- Final CC antenna validation
- (a)
- Concept Selection
- (b)
- Materials definition and characterization
- (b1)
- Conductive cloth or yarn
- (b2)
- Dielectric substrate material
- (b3)
- Clothing component materials
- (c)
- Reference antenna design
- (d)
- CC antenna initial design and modeling
- (e)
- Final CC antenna validation
4. Experimental Evaluation
4.1. Wearable Textile Antenna Evaluation Scenarios
4.2. Measurements Techniques and Methods
4.3. Clothing Component Experimental Evaluation
5. Potentials of Textiles Technology in Wearable Antennas
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Type/Radiation | Dimensions (mm) L, W, H | App. | fc (GHz) | BW (GHz) | erad (%) | Gain (dBi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[11] | Top Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 40, 40, 13.39 | ISM/Wi-Fi | 2.45 | 0.13 | N/A | N/A |
[13] * | Top Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 17, 17, 15.35 | ISM | 4.5 | 0.65 | N/A | 2.2 |
[14] | Triangle patch-FSS/ Broadside | 30, 30, 5 | WLAN | 5.25 | 0.6 | 70 | 5.1 |
[15] | Disc Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 17, 17, 11 | WLAN | 2.4 5.2 | 0.147 1.404 | N/A | 2.4 |
[16] | Disc Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 17, 17, 11 | WLAN | 2.4 5.35 | 0.147 1.404 | N/A | 2.4 |
[17] | Disc Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 17, 17, 12.8 | WLAN | 2.4 5.25 | 0.159 1.605 | N/A | 0–3 |
[18] | Patch/ Broadside | 16.02, 16.02, 4.575 | ISM/WLAN | 2.4 5.2 5.8 | 0.09 2.29 | 91.9 87.3 85.3 | 1.05 4.5 6.04 |
[19] | E-shaped PIFA patch/ Omni-Broadside | N/A | ISM | 2.45 5.8 | 0.1 0.9 | Ν/A | −0.8 6.8 |
[20] | Patch-Monopole/ Omni-Broadside | 16.02, 16.02, 4.575 | ISM | 2.4 5.2 5.5 | 0.09 2.29 | 91.6 87 85 | 1.05 3.4 6.08 |
[21] | Disc Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 17, 17, 8.9 | WLAN | 2.45 525 | 0.294 1.82 | N/A | 2.2 3.6 |
[22] | G-shaped Monοpole/ Omnidirectional | Complex Shape | ISM | 2.45 5.8 | 0.08 0.35 | N/A | N/A |
[23] | Disc Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 16 (50 GND), 16 (50 GND), 13.1 | WLAN/ HiperLAN/2 | 2.45/5.2/5.5 | 0.1 1.44 | N/A | N/A |
[24] | Disc Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 14.6 (60 GND), 14.6 (60 GND), 12.1 | WLAN | 2.4 5.5 | 0.165 1.15 | 89 85 | 2.65 5.1 |
[25] | Disc Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 14.5, 14.5, 11.5 | Bluetooth/ WLAND | 2.45 5.25/5.5 | 0.3 2.3 | N/A | N/A |
[26] | Top monopole spiral-like/ Omni-Broadside | Complex details inside multi-parametric | ISM/WLAN | 2.45 5.8 | 0.07 0.3 | 46.3 69.3 | −0.6 4.3 |
[27] | Top monopole- Crossed-dipole/ Omni-Broadside | 18, 18, 10 | ISM/WBAN | 2.45 5.8 | 0.18 3.38 | N/A | 2.2 8.6 |
[28] | Fractal/ Broadside | 19.5, 19.5, 18.5 | U-NII-5G/ WLAN | 4.55 5.2 | 0.11 0.2 | 85.5 92.5 | 7.45 7.5 |
[29] | Top Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 24 (60 GND), 24 (60 GND),18.2 | UWB | 3.05–10.95 (4/6.5/9) | 7.9 | Ν/A | 3.45/5.1/5.6 |
[30] | Circular Monοpole/ Omnidirectional | 15 (20.8 GND), 15 (36 GND), 9 | UWB | 3.1–10.6 (3.5/6/9) | >7.5 | N/A | 2.6/1.9/ 3.4 |
[31] | Top Conical Monopole/ Omnidirectional | 26, 26, 12.5 | UWB | 3–12 (3.5/6/9) | 9 | N/A | 3.9/2.8/4 |
[32] | Crossed-dipole- Annular ring/ Omni-Broadside | 41.4, 41.4, 15 | UWB ISM/WLAN/5G | 4.12–9.12 2.45/3.7/5.85 | 5 0.16/0.35/0.39 | >90 40–70 | 6–7.8 1/6.2/4.5 |
[33] | Hexagonal Patch/ Broadside | 10, 8.66, N/A | WiGig/WBAN/Medical | 62.12 | 11.91 | N/A | 5 |
[34] | Button Array (Disc Monopole)/Directive | 10, 10, 4.8 (Single element) | WiGig | 59 | 1.1 | N/A | 35 |
[35] | Planar Disc Monopole Multi-Ring/ Multidirectional | 49.7, 31, 0.508 (substrate) | WiGig | 61 | 4.27 | 65 | 4.7 |
[36] | Patch/ Broadside | 33, 33, 5 | ISM | 0.868 | 0.25 | 1.5 | −11.8 |
[37] | Top-monopole-loop loaded/Broadside | 19.54 (100 GND), 19.5 (100 GND), 4.12 | U-NII | 5.5 | 0.68 | N/A | 3.8 |
[38] | Magnetic dipole-patch loaded/ Omnidirectional | 19, 19, 10.29 | WBAN | 5.8 | 0.23 | 72.6 | 2.1 |
[39] | Ring/Various | 15, 15, 10.087 | ISM/5G | 2.45 | 0.658 | 97 | 1.8 |
Ref. | Type/ Radiation | Dimensions (mm) L, W, H | App. | fc (GHz) | BW (GHz) | erad (%) | Gain (dBi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[40] | Patch/ Broadside | 15.2, 7.5, 3.5 (40 × 40 GND) | ISM, X-band | 8 | 0.6 | N/A | 9.2 |
13.4, 7.5, 3.5 (40 × 40 GND) | ISM, X-band | 9 | 0.8 | 9.3 | |||
11.8, 7.5, 3.5 (40 × 40 GND) | ISM, X-band | 10 | 1.4 | 9.2 | |||
[41] | Various Patches/ Omni-Broadside | Complex details | ISM, WLAN | 5 (RHCP) | 0.55 | N/A | 5 |
ISM, WLAN | 5 (LHCP) | 0.5 | 5 | ||||
ISM, WLAN | 2.45 (LP-PIFA) | 0.1 | 3.5 | ||||
ISM, WLAN | 5.3 (LP) | 0.3 | 7.8 | ||||
ISM, WLAN | 4.72/5.1/5.26 (LP-SLOT) | 0.25–0.8 | N/A | ||||
ISM, X-band | 8 (FOLDABLE) | 0.5 | 8.9 | ||||
[42] | Circular Patch/ Broadside | 23.4, 23.4, 3.5 (40 × 40 GND) | ISM/WLAN | 5 (CP) 4.7 (Slot) 5.2 (No-Slot) | 0.5 0.6345 0.494 | N/A | N/A |
[43] | Patch/ Broadside | 18.5, 19.5, 3.5 (40 × 40 GND) | ISM | 3.62 | 0.1 | N/A | N/A |
[44] | PIFA or Patch/ Broadside | 23, 20, 3.2 (60 × 55 GND) | ISM/WLAN | 2.45 5.8 | 0.093 0.234 | 30–90.2 80.4–88.7 | −0.9–5.9 8.1–8.4 |
[45] | PIFA/ Broadside | 26, 22, 3.2 (60 × 50 GND) | ISM | 1.82–2.94 | 0.071–0.153 | 29.8–93.7 | −1.07–7.37 |
[46] | CMSIC/ Omni-broadside | 120, 79.7, 3.2 (120 × 120 GND) | ISM | 2.45 | N/A | OFF:82.7 ON:77.1 | OFF:9.2 ON:3.8 |
Ref. | Type/ Radiation | Dimensions (mm) L, W, H | App. | fc (GHz) | BW (GHz) | erad (%) | Gain (dBi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[47] | Patch/ Broadside | 49, 57.6, 4.26 (100 × 70 GND) | ISM/WLAN | 2.486 | 0.09 | 85.76 | 7.80 |
[48] | Patch/ Broadside | 53, 53, 4.2 (100.4 × 74.2 GND) | ISM/WLAN | 2.47 (LP) 2.35 (CP) | 0.103 0.170 | 77.1 79.5 | 6.10 6.88 |
Refs. | Type/ Radiation | Dimensions (mm) L, W, H | App. | fc (GHz) | BW (GHz) | erad (%) | Gain (dBi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[48] | Patch/ Broadside | 53, 53, 4.2 (100.4 × 74.2 GND) | ISM/WLAN | 2.39 (LP) 2.31 (CP) | 0.113 0.142 | 62.3 60.2 | 4.97 5.67 |
[49,50] | Zip monopole/ Omnidirectional | 57, 6, 2 (30 × 40 GND) | ISM/WLAN/ Bluetooth | 2.5 5.6 | 0.95 N/A | N/A | 0 |
[51] | Zip monopole/ Various | 385, 13, 21.535 | ISM/WLAN/ Bluetooth/IoT | 2.2 2.44 2.53 | 0.12 | 98.4 99 98.4 | 4.72 4.74 5.79 |
[52] | Zip monopole/ Various | Complex | ISM/WLAN/IoT | 2.4 5.5 | N/A | N/A | 7.01 7.68 |
Direction | Samples | εr | tan δ |
---|---|---|---|
A | A1 | 1.404 | 0.0198 |
A2 | 1.359 | 0.0184 | |
A3 | 1.335 | 0.0173 | |
B | B1 | 1.396 | 0.0187 |
B2 | 1.377 | 0.0186 | |
B3 | 1.376 | 0.0187 |
Antenna | fc (GHz) | S11 (dB) | BW (MHz) | AR (dB) | erad (%) | Gain (dBi) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
REF1 | Simulations | 2.45 | −22 | 70 | 55 | 96 | 7.78 |
Measurements | 2.47 | −35 | 79 | 18 | 94.7 | 6.90 | |
REF2 | Simulations | 2.33 | −9.1 | 120 | 1.9 | 94.7 | 8.20 |
Measurements | 2.34 | −10 | 160 | 3.1 | 94.7 | 7.44 |
Antenna | fc (GHz) | S11 (dB) | BW (MHz) | erad (%) | Gain (dBi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
REF (Pins) | 2.45 | −29.6 | 83.2 | 69.9 | 1.2 |
CC (Snap-on buttons) | 2.446 | −29.5 | 83.6 | 69.1 | 1.1 |
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Tsolis, A.; Bakogianni, S.; Angelaki, C.; Alexandridis, A.A. A Review of Clothing Components in the Development of Wearable Textile Antennas: Design and Experimental Procedure. Sensors 2023, 23, 3289. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063289
Tsolis A, Bakogianni S, Angelaki C, Alexandridis AA. A Review of Clothing Components in the Development of Wearable Textile Antennas: Design and Experimental Procedure. Sensors. 2023; 23(6):3289. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063289
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsolis, Aris, Sofia Bakogianni, Chrysanthi Angelaki, and Antonis A. Alexandridis. 2023. "A Review of Clothing Components in the Development of Wearable Textile Antennas: Design and Experimental Procedure" Sensors 23, no. 6: 3289. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063289