Integrating Cosmic Microwave Background Readings with Celestial Navigation to Enhance Deep Space Navigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Cosmic Microwave Background as a Navigation Reference
3. Methodology for CMB Velocity Determination
4. Preliminary Feasibility Assessment of CMB Measurements for Navigation Purposes
4.1. Foreground Noise
- Galactic Synchrotron Emission: This nonthermal radiation is produced by high-energy electrons spiraling in the Galaxy’s magnetic field [53]. It dominates at low frequencies (under 10 GHz) and can affect the CMB signal at frequencies below 50 GHz. However, its spectral index causes it to decline sharply with increasing frequency, minimizing interference above 70 GHz [51];
- Spinning Dust Emission: This emission arises from the rotational motion of tiny dust grains in the interstellar medium of galaxies [53]. These spinning dust grains, typically a few nanometers in size, emit radiation mainly below 30 GHz as they interact with ambient radiation and magnetic fields [51]; and
4.2. Systematic Errors
- Gain Fluctuations: These are caused by various instrumental and environmental factors during a scan observation. They result in residual calibration uncertainty, which modulates the polarization field and can distort the CMB signal;
- Angle Errors: These arise from thermal deformation, mechanical vibration of instruments, errors in telescope-attitude determination, and inaccuracies in optical system calibration. Such errors affect the alignment of the observed data with the true sky signals; and
- Pointing Errors: These occur when there is a mismatch between the actual pointing direction and its estimated direction, degrading the spatial position accuracy of the observed data.
4.3. Sensors
- Antenna: Captures the CMB signal;
- Dicke Switch: Rapidly alternates between the antenna signal and a reference source, minimizing gain variations;
- Local Oscillator: Generates a stable frequency used for mixing with the input signal;
- Mixer: Combines the input signal with the local oscillator signal, producing the IF signal;
- IF Amplifier: Amplifies the lower-frequency IF signal, reducing noise compared to direct amplification; and
- Detector: Converts the amplified signal to a measurable output.
- Bandwidth: Increasing the bandwidth improves sensitivity but also increases noise. In the Planck mission, a bandwidth of approximately 20% of the central frequency, around 1 GHz for the three selected frequencies, was targeted [67]. Achieving this is feasible but requires high-quality electronics;
- System Noise Temperature: Higher frequencies lead to higher , making it impractical to use this type of equipment for frequencies above 100 GHz for CMB measurements. An appropriate value is approximately 30 K [66]; and
- Integration Time: Longer observation times improve precision. Therefore, a data accumulator can enhance accuracy by averaging the random noise.
- Absorber: Captures the incoming radiation and converts it into heat;
- Thermometer: Measures the temperature change in the absorber; and
- Heat Sink: Maintains a stable reference temperature.
4.4. Preliminary Requirements
- Utilize multi-frequency sensors to mitigate foreground noise;
- Design sensors to be positioned on the spacecraft in a way that favors measurements aligned with the direction of its velocity;
- Implement scan patterns to mitigate systematic errors; and
- Accumulate data onboard to increase the sensitivity of the sensors.
5. Integrating CMB and Celestial Navigation for State Estimation
6. Simulation and Analysis
6.1. Initial Conditions for the Simulation
6.2. CeleNav Method
6.3. CMB Method
6.4. Hybrid Method
6.5. Analysis of the Three Methods
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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State Variable | Value |
---|---|
Position [km] | [−1.3765 × 108, −6.2494 × 107, 3.2994 × 103] |
Velocity [km/s] | [−15.2727, −26.2104, −0.3666] |
Sensors | State Variable | Mean Error | Std Error |
---|---|---|---|
CMB + CeleNav | Position | 66.7610 km | 38.4788 km |
CMB + CeleNav | Velocity | 7.6495 m/s | 0.2892 m/s |
CMB | Position | km | 639.1644 km |
CMB | Velocity | 3.0376 m/s | 0.7970 m/s |
CeleNav | Position | 345.0031 km | 208.3662 km |
CeleNav | Velocity | 9.1389 m/s | 3.1666 m/s |
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Albuquerque, P.K.d.; Santos, W.G.d.; Costa, P.; Barreto, A. Integrating Cosmic Microwave Background Readings with Celestial Navigation to Enhance Deep Space Navigation. Sensors 2024, 24, 3600. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113600
Albuquerque PKd, Santos WGd, Costa P, Barreto A. Integrating Cosmic Microwave Background Readings with Celestial Navigation to Enhance Deep Space Navigation. Sensors. 2024; 24(11):3600. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113600
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlbuquerque, Pedro Kukulka de, Willer Gomes dos Santos, Paulo Costa, and Alexandre Barreto. 2024. "Integrating Cosmic Microwave Background Readings with Celestial Navigation to Enhance Deep Space Navigation" Sensors 24, no. 11: 3600. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113600