Enhancing Tennis Practice: Sensor Fusion and Pose Estimation with a Smart Tennis Ball
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Similar Technologies Integrating Sensors in a Ball
- Basketball: 94Fifty Smart Sensor Basketball: This basketball, embedded with sensors, measures the force and spin with which it is thrown and provides feedback on shooting and dribbling skills. The data collected can be sent to a smartphone app that helps players and coaches make adjustments to improve performance [14].
- American Football: Wilson X Connected Football: This smart football is equipped with sensors that track metrics such as speed, distance, spiral efficiency, and the catch/drop ratio. It is particularly useful for quarterbacks and coaches looking to fine-tune passing techniques [15].
- Golf: GEN i1 Smart Golf Ball: This ball comes with a built-in sensor that measures initial direction, speed, impact force, and rotation. Such data are crucial for golfers to understand and improve their stroke execution [16].
- Cricket: SmartBall by Kookaburra: This cricket ball has an embedded microchip that measures speed, spin, and power delivered by bowlers, providing valuable data for both players and coaches [17].
- Rugby: Adidas miCoach Smart Ball for Rugby: Similar to its soccer counterpart, this smart rugby ball is designed to provide kick data, including speed, spin, and the point of impact. This information is essential for improving the skills of place-kickers.
- Baseball: pitchLogic is a smart baseball designed to measure velocity, spin rate, and other pitching metrics directly from within the ball, providing real-time data that can be used to enhance pitching performance [18].
2.2. Technology in Tennis
2.3. Current Methods for Pose Estimation and Limitations
2.4. Sensor Specifications
- RPM data extracted from the tennis ball is accurate to ±5 RPM;
- GUI is used to show data from the ball;
- The ball fits within the weight and size dimensions to be an IPF-approved ball;
- Mass distribution of the sensor system in the ball;
- The sensor system costs less than GBP 100.
2.5. Tennis Ball Specifications
3. System Design
3.1. Block Diagram and Components
3.2. Interfacing between Components
3.3. Power Delivery
3.4. Hardware
- Seeed Studio XIAO nRF52840 (Microcontroller): GBP 10.80;
- SparkFun LiPo Charger/Booster, 5V/1A (Voltage regulator): GBP 13.80;
- EEMB 3.7 V Li-ion 502030 Battery 250 mAh Lipo Battery (Power Supply): GBP 6.99
- Adafruit BNO055 (inertial measurement unit): GBP 30.
3.5. Software: GUI
3.6. Communication
3.7. Overall System
4. Methodology and Implementation
4.1. Sensor Integration inside the Ball
4.2. Software: GUI
4.3. Communication
- Service UUID: 19b10000-e8f2-537e-4f6c-d104768a1214;
- Characteristic UUID: 19b10001-e8f2-537e-4f6c-d104768a1214.
4.4. Tennis Ball Characteristics
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TYPE 1 (FAST) | TYPE 2 (MEDIUM) | TYPE 3 (SLOW) | HIGH ALTITUDE | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MASS (WEIGHT) | 56.0–59.4 g | 56.0–59.4 g | 56.0–59.4 g | 56.0–59.4 g |
SIZE | 6.54–6.86 cm | 6.54–6.86 cm | 7.00–7.30 cm | 6.54–6.86 cm |
REBOUND | 138–151 cm | 135–147 cm | 135–147 cm | 122–135 cm |
STAGE 3 (RED) FOAM | STAGE 3 (RED) STANDARD | STAGE 2 (ORANGE) STANDARD | STAGE 1 (GREEN) STANDARD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MASS (WEIGHT) | 25.0–43.0 g | 36.0–49.0 g | 36.0–46.9 g | 47.0–51.5 g |
SIZE | 8.00–9.00 cm | 7.00–8.00 cm | 6.00–6.86 cm | 6.30–6.86 cm |
REBOUND | 85–105 cm | 90–105 cm | 105–120cm | 120–135 cm |
Length of Side Pocket (mm) | Total Mass of Ball & Sensor (mg) | Corresponding Radius r (mm) | Radius to Remove (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
35 | 74,155.1 | 34.3 | 10.7 |
40 | 71,768 | 34.8 | 10.168 |
45 | 68,702.9 | 35.6 | 9.4 |
50 | 64,875 | 36.6 | 8.4 |
55 | 60,199.6 | 38.0 | 6.968 |
60 | 54,592 | 39.9 | 5.1 |
65 | 47,967.4 | 42.6 | 2.4 |
bX | bY | bZ | Modifier | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−1 | −1 | −1 | 35 | −135 | 45 | −deg | −45 |
−1 | −1 | 0 | 45 | −90 | 45 | −deg | −45 |
−1 | −1 | 1 | 35 | −45 | 45 | −deg | −45 |
−1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −135 | 90 | −deg | −90 |
−1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −90 | 90 | −deg | −90 |
−1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | −45 | 90 | −deg | −90 |
−1 | 1 | −1 | −35 | −135 | 45 | −180 + deg | −135 |
−1 | 1 | 0 | −45 | −90 | 45 | −180 + deg | −135 |
−1 | 1 | 1 | −35 | −45 | 45 | −180 + deg | −135 |
0 | −1 | −1 | 45 | 180 | 0 | +deg | 0 |
0 | −1 | 0 | 90 | 0 | 0 | +deg | 0 |
0 | −1 | 1 | 45 | 0 | 0 | +deg | 0 |
0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 180 | 0 | +deg | 0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +deg | 0 |
0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +deg | 0 |
0 | 1 | −1 | −45 | 180 | 0 | +deg + 180 | 180 |
0 | 1 | 0 | −90 | 0 | 0 | +deg + 180 | 180 |
0 | 1 | 1 | −45 | 0 | 0 | +deg + 180 | 180 |
1 | −1 | −1 | 35 | 135 | 45 | +deg | 45 |
1 | −1 | 0 | 45 | 90 | 45 | +deg | 45 |
1 | −1 | 1 | 35 | 45 | 45 | +deg | 45 |
1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 135 | 90 | +deg | 90 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 90 | +deg | 90 |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 45 | 90 | +deg | 90 |
1 | 1 | −1 | −35 | 135 | 45 | 180 − deg | 135 |
1 | 1 | 0 | −45 | 90 | 45 | 180 − deg | 135 |
1 | 1 | 1 | −35 | 45 | 45 | 180 − deg | 135 |
TimeID | Cummulative Time (s) | eulerX | eulerY | eulerZ | RPM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1704721509.8699 | 0 | 4.8125 | −7.9375 | −13.25 | 0 |
1704721509.99058 | 0.1207 | 4.4375 | −7.75 | −13.0625 | 0 |
1704721510.11058 | 0.2407 | 10.9375 | −7.9375 | −12.5 | 1.4 |
1704721510.23092 | 0.3610 | 27.625 | −8.125 | −11.9375 | 3.4 |
1704721510.3503 | 0.4804 | 48.1875 | −8.125 | −11.375 | 6.6 |
1704721510.47071 | 0.6008 | 66.875 | −8.0625 | −10.4375 | 10.2 |
1704721510.59075 | 0.7208 | 92.4375 | −7.25 | −9 | 13 |
1704721510.76959 | 0.8997 | 117.0625 | −6.1875 | −8.875 | 14 |
1704721510.89019 | 1.0203 | 145.5625 | −4.9375 | −8.8125 | 13.8 |
1704721511.01044 | 1.1405 | 158.5 | −4.3125 | −9.1875 | 11.8 |
1704721511.13109 | 1.2612 | 165.5625 | −4.25 | −9.125 | 9.2 |
1704721511.25108 | 1.3812 | 169.9375 | −4.8125 | −8.9375 | 7 |
1704721511.37038 | 1.5005 | 173.5625 | −4.8125 | −8.5625 | 4.8 |
1704721511.54824 | 1.6783 | 174.5 | −5 | −8.5625 | 3 |
1704721511.67071 | 1.8008 | 174.4375 | −5.75 | −9.0625 | 1.8 |
1704721511.79061 | 1.9207 | 175.375 | −5.75 | −9.625 | 1.2 |
1704721511.91064 | 2.0407 | 175.3125 | −5.8125 | −9.8125 | 0.6 |
1704721512.02992 | 2.1600 | 175.0625 | −5.8125 | −10 | 0.4 |
1704721512.15051 | 2.2806 | 174.5 | −5.8125 | −10.0625 | 0.4 |
1704721512.27115 | 2.4013 | 174.375 | −5.875 | −10.1875 | 0.4 |
1704721512.39028 | 2.5204 | 174.75 | −6 | −10.375 | 0 |
1704721512.51079 | 2.6409 | 174.875 | −6.0625 | −10.4375 | 0 |
1704721512.63037 | 2.76053 | 174.875 | −6.1875 | −10.5625 | 0 |
1704721512.75082 | 2.8809 | 174.875 | −6.3125 | −10.6875 | 0 |
1704721512.87001 | 3.0001 | 174.875 | −6.4375 | −10.8125 | 0 |
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Share and Cite
Foo, Y.K.; Li, X.; Ghannam, R. Enhancing Tennis Practice: Sensor Fusion and Pose Estimation with a Smart Tennis Ball. Sensors 2024, 24, 5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165306
Foo YK, Li X, Ghannam R. Enhancing Tennis Practice: Sensor Fusion and Pose Estimation with a Smart Tennis Ball. Sensors. 2024; 24(16):5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165306
Chicago/Turabian StyleFoo, Yu Kit, Xi Li, and Rami Ghannam. 2024. "Enhancing Tennis Practice: Sensor Fusion and Pose Estimation with a Smart Tennis Ball" Sensors 24, no. 16: 5306. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165306