50 Hz Temporal Magnetic Field Monitoring from High-Voltage Power Lines: Sensor Design and Experimental Validation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Current Existing Sensors
2.2. Circuit Design
2.2.1. Requirements
2.2.2. Circuit Exploration
2.3. Verification and Calibration
- (1)
- An on-board calibration is performed. An amplitude sweep on a fixed frequency (50 Hz) is sent into the board, the output is captured by the microcontroller. Then, the output is compared to the input and is stored in a look-up-table (LUT). This calibration takes the circuit attenuation, noise and parasitic components into account.
- (2)
- An in-lab calibration is performed. The full sensor (coils + PCB) is calibrated by rotating the sensor twice while a dominant, 50 Hz source is nearby. The source in this case is a heat lamp of 1.8 kW with a twisted 20 m coil (circumference: 20 cm) to strengthen the field (Figure 3). The sensor was fixed at the same height as the coil on a wooden three-piece, which was standing on a turntable. The turntable rotated at 2 degrees per second, first clockwise, then counterclockwise. The entire calibration lasts 6 min. The rotation was performed to take the location dependence of the coils into account, as these could not all be centered in the sensor. A maximal linear displacement of 6 cm of the coils is obtained due to the rotation.
3. Results
3.1. Circuit Design and Sensor Design
3.2. Calibration
- -
- 0.4 µT range (0.08 µT to 58 µT), with a minimal single axis step response of 2 nT.
- -
- 100 µT range (0.1 µT to 364 µT), with a minimal single step response 13 nT.
3.3. In-Field Validation
3.3.1. Validation in Residential Area
3.3.2. Validation in Industrial Area
3.3.3. Validation in Power Distribution Sub-Station
3.3.4. Comparison of Measured Values to Literature
4. Long-Term Monitoring
4.1. Sensor Tested during 118 Days
4.2. Monitoring Network
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Frequency Range | Axis | Magnetic Field Measurement Range | Electric Field Measurement Range | Price | Additional Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EHP-50 | 1 Hz–400 kHz | 3 | 0.3 nT–10 mT | 5 mV/m–100 kV/m | €€€€€ | Datalogging up to 36 h |
ELT-400 | 1 Hz–400 kHz | 3 | 1 nT–320 µT OR 10 µT–80 mT | 100 V/m OR 50 kV/m | €€€€ | Comparison to standards on device |
NFA30M | 16 Hz–30 kHz | 3 | 1 nT–20 µT | 0.1–2000 V/m | €€ | Datalogging up to 48 h, max hold |
EMDEX II | 40 Hz–800 Hz | 3 | 0.01 µT–300 µT | / | €€€ | Battery up to 7 days |
Extech 480823 | 30 Hz–300 Hz | 1 | 0.01 tot 20 µT | / | € | Hand-held device |
Tenmars TM-190 | 50/60 Hz | 3 | 0.01 µT–20 µT OR 0.1 µT–200 µT | 1 V/m–2000 V/m | € | Can measure ELF and RF |
Tenmars TM-191 | 30 Hz–300 Hz | 1 | 0.01 µT–20 µT OR 0.1 µT–200 µT | / | € | Hand-held device, max hold |
Tenmars TM-192D | 30 Hz–2kHz | 3 | 0.001 µT–2 µT OR 0.01 µT–20 µT OR 0.1 µT–200 µT | / | € | Hand-held device, max hold 9999 data logs |
Proposed sensor, minimal requirements | 10 Hz–300 Hz | 3 | 0.1 µT to 200 µT | / | €/€€ | IoT connectivity long-term datalogging |
Test 1 (µT) | Deviation w.r.t. EHP-50 Test 1 (%) | Test 2 (µT) | Deviation w.r.t. EHP-50 Test 2 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
EHP-50 | 30.94 | 1.66 | ||
SENSOR01 | 19.47 | 62.9 | 1.06 | 63.4 |
SENSOR 02 | 19.58 | 63.3 | 1.06 | 63.6 |
SENSOR 03 | 19.61 | 63.4 | 1.06 | 63.4 |
SENSOR 04 | 19.75 | 63.8 | 1.05 | 63.4 |
SENSOR 05 | 19.65 | 63.5 | 1.06 | 63.6 |
SENSOR 06 | 19.69 | 63.6 | 1.05 | 63.1 |
SENSOR 07 | 19.45 | 62.9 | 1.05 | 63.0 |
SENSOR 08 | 19.61 | 63.4 | 1.06 | 63.4 |
SENSOR 09 | 19.53 | 63.1 | 1.05 | 63.1 |
SENSOR 10 | 19.57 | 63.2 | 1.05 | 63.1 |
SENSOR 11 | 19.67 | 63.6 | 1.06 | 63.7 |
SENSOR 12 | 19.51 | 63.0 | 1.06 | 63.7 |
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Deprez, K.; Van de Steene, T.; Verloock, L.; Tanghe, E.; Gommé, L.; Verlaek, M.; Goethals, M.; van Campenhout, K.; Plets, D.; Joseph, W. 50 Hz Temporal Magnetic Field Monitoring from High-Voltage Power Lines: Sensor Design and Experimental Validation. Sensors 2024, 24, 5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165325
Deprez K, Van de Steene T, Verloock L, Tanghe E, Gommé L, Verlaek M, Goethals M, van Campenhout K, Plets D, Joseph W. 50 Hz Temporal Magnetic Field Monitoring from High-Voltage Power Lines: Sensor Design and Experimental Validation. Sensors. 2024; 24(16):5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165325
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeprez, Kenneth, Tom Van de Steene, Leen Verloock, Emmeric Tanghe, Liesbeth Gommé, Mart Verlaek, Michel Goethals, Karen van Campenhout, David Plets, and Wout Joseph. 2024. "50 Hz Temporal Magnetic Field Monitoring from High-Voltage Power Lines: Sensor Design and Experimental Validation" Sensors 24, no. 16: 5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165325