Combined Impact of Heart Rate Sensor Placements with Respiratory Rate and Minute Ventilation on Oxygen Uptake Prediction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Data Collection
- The Polar H10 uses a 1000 Hz sample rate to gather data for internal sensor calculations and algorithms. Subsequently, the sensor outputs the processed data at a 130 Hz sampling rate. The H10 transmits HR data once per second;
- The Polar Vantage V utilizes PPG and provides HR samples at a rate of 1 Hz. According to Polar, the internal sampling rate of the Vantage V is considerably higher, and the 1 Hz HR data is derived from this higher-rate sampling;
- The Polar Verity Sense utilizes PPG, with a sampling rate of 135 Hz and a resolution of 22 bits.
2.4. Data Processing and Model Construction
2.4.1. Data Standardization
2.4.2. Building of Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN)
- From heart rate () only, named ;
- From heart rate () and respiratory rate (), named ;
- From heart rate () and minute ventilation () named ;
- From heart rate (), respiratory rate (), and minute ventilation (), named .
- (1)
- Forward Propagation
- (2)
- Backward Propagation
2.4.3. Training Parameter Setting
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics and Exercise Responses
3.2. Descriptive of Heart Rate Measurements: H10, Vantage and Verity Sense
3.3. Accuracy of Different Sensor Positions: Vantage vs. Verity Sense
3.4. Impact of Sensor Placements on Prediction across Varied Exercise Intensities
3.5. Comprehensive Oxygen Consumption Prediction Accuracy with Heart Rate Positioning: Overall Exercise Intensities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measurement | Male (n = 16) | Female (n = 12) |
---|---|---|
Age (y) | 19 ± 0 | 19 ± 1 |
Body mass (kg) | 70.7 ± 5.7 | 55.6 ± 3.9 |
Height (cm) | 180.6 ± 5.1 | 166.3 ± 4.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 ± 1.8 | 20.2 ± 1.5 |
Body fat percentage (%) | 10.1 ± 2.7 | 18.8 ± 3.7 |
() | 47.3 ± 4.7 | 39.5 ± 4.1 |
Exercises and Devices | Mean Difference ± SD | Mean Relative Error ± SD | Mean Absolute Error ± SD | Concordance Correlation Coefficient (95% CI) | Pearson Correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
45% | |||||
Vantage | 0.16 ± 3.79 | 0.06 ± 3.54 | 2.59 ± 2.40 | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | 0.96 |
Verity Sense | 0.06 ± 2.99 | 0.00 ± 3.66 | 1.95 ± 2.00 | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | 0.98 |
60% | |||||
Vantage | 0.15 ± 3.55 | 0.09 ± 3.08 | 2.19 ± 2.18 | 0.95 (0.98–0.98) | 0.98 |
Verity Sense | 0.28 ± 4.36 | 0.18 ± 3.30 | 1.83 ± 2.75 | 0.97 (0.97–0.97) | 0.97 |
75% | |||||
Vantage | −0.04 ± 3.42 | −0.08 ± 2.84 | 1.92 ± 2.09 | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 0.99 |
Verity Sense | 0.04 ± 2.90 | 0.01 ± 2.40 | 1.52 ± 1.85 | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 0.99 |
95% | |||||
Vantage | 2.88 ± 13.29 | 1.64 ± 7.95 | 3.62 ± 7.26 | 0.85 (0.85–0.85) | 0.86 |
Verity Sense | 1.94 ± 10.42 | 1.17 ± 6.55 | 2.83 ± 6.06 | 0.91 (0.91–0.91) | 0.91 |
110% | |||||
Vantage | 2.33 ± 11.62 | 1.35 ± 7.3 | 3.49 ± 6.56 | 0.81 (0.81–0.82) | 0.82 |
Verity Sense | 5.29 ± 17.56 | 3.18 ± 10.78 | 4.79 ± 10.17 | 0.54 (0.53–0.54) | 0.57 |
Model | Devices | R2 | MAE (mL/min) | MAPE (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
45% | H10 | 0.27 | 204.85 | 21.83% | |
Vantage | 0.27 | 205.20 | 21.82% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.26 | 204.91 | 21.81% | ||
H10 | 0.27 | 205.50 | 21.71% | ||
Vantage | 0.26 | 206.35 | 21.90% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.26 | 205.96 | 21.88% | ||
H10 | 0.85 | 88.98 | 9.29% | ||
Vantage | 0.86 | 89.14 | 9.31% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.86 | 89.01 | 9.30% | ||
H10 | 0.91 | 68.89 | 7.12% | ||
Vantage | 0.91 | 68.50 | 7.00% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.91 | 68.46 | 7.00% | ||
60% | H10 | 0.52 | 244.11 | 22.39% | |
Vantage | 0.51 | 247.76 | 22.68% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.50 | 251.31 | 22.96% | ||
H10 | 0.55 | 231.71 | 21.39% | ||
Vantage | 0.54 | 235.89 | 21.72% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.53 | 238.77 | 21.92% | ||
H10 | 0.89 | 120.45 | 11.10% | ||
Vantage | 0.88 | 120.65 | 11.12% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.88 | 120.75 | 11.12% | ||
H10 | 0.92 | 97.16 | 8.98% | ||
Vantage | 0.92 | 100.54 | 9.22% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.92 | 100.84 | 9.22% | ||
75% | H10 | 0.74 | 242.43 | 19.29% | |
Vantage | 0.72 | 254.52 | 20.17% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.73 | 249.75 | 19.81% | ||
H10 | 0.75 | 238.43 | 18.86% | ||
Vantage | 0.72 | 250.88 | 19.78% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.73 | 246.33 | 19.45% | ||
H10 | 0.92 | 139.40 | 11.14% | ||
Vantage | 0.92 | 140.92 | 11.29% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.92 | 140.55 | 11.25% | ||
H10 | 0.96 | 102.87 | 8.30% | ||
Vantage | 0.95 | 105.48 | 8.53% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.95 | 104.91 | 8.47% | ||
95% | H10 | 0.73 | 317.35 | 23.48% | |
Vantage | 0.59 | 367.81 | 25.75% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.62 | 355.60 | 25.38% | ||
H10 | 0.74 | 289.51 | 19.87% | ||
Vantage | 0.58 | 345.66 | 22.30% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.63 | 329.40 | 21.74% | ||
H10 | 0.88 | 215.10 | 15.37% | ||
Vantage | 0.87 | 227.47 | 16.00% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.87 | 223.89 | 15.87% | ||
H10 | 0.92 | 165.27 | 12.57% | ||
Vantage | 0.88 | 200.27 | 14.31% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.90 | 187.88 | 13.75% | ||
110% | H10 | 0.67 | 216.25 | 18.44% | |
Vantage | 0.35 | 267.62 | 20.71% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.06 | 315.36 | 22.62% | ||
H10 | 0.68 | 221.55 | 19.39% | ||
Vantage | 0.37 | 276.45 | 22.01% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.06 | 325.27 | 23.71% | ||
H10 | 0.82 | 162.12 | 13.63% | ||
Vantage | 0.80 | 171.47 | 14.25% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.78 | 176.67 | 14.43% | ||
H10 | 0.83 | 154.89 | 12.87% | ||
Vantage | 0.79 | 174.08 | 14.02% | ||
Verity Sense | 0.75 | 182.67 | 14.25% |
Devices | R2 | MAE (mL/min) | MAPE (%) | %-Increase in MAE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H10 | 0.65 | 278.66 | 28.78% | --- | |
Vantage | 0.56 | 300.85 | 30.01% | 7.96% | |
Verity Sense | 0.54 | 302.57 | 30.01% | 8.58% | |
H10 | 0.66 | 276.90 | 29.29% | --- | |
Vantage | 0.57 | 298.33 | 30.49% | 7.74% | |
Verity Sense | 0.55 | 300.29 | 30.51% | 8.45% | |
H10 | 0.84 | 188.76 | 17.98% | --- | |
Vantage | 0.83 | 194.13 | 18.26% | 2.85% | |
Verity Sense | 0.82 | 195.68 | 18.27% | 3.67% | |
H10 | 0.87 | 165.28 | 15.91% | --- | |
Vantage | 0.86 | 175.22 | 16.44% | 6.02% | |
Verity Sense | 0.85 | 175.01 | 16.37% | 5.89% |
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Lu, Z.; Yang, J.; Tao, K.; Li, X.; Xu, H.; Qiu, J. Combined Impact of Heart Rate Sensor Placements with Respiratory Rate and Minute Ventilation on Oxygen Uptake Prediction. Sensors 2024, 24, 5412. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165412
Lu Z, Yang J, Tao K, Li X, Xu H, Qiu J. Combined Impact of Heart Rate Sensor Placements with Respiratory Rate and Minute Ventilation on Oxygen Uptake Prediction. Sensors. 2024; 24(16):5412. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165412
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Zhihui, Junchao Yang, Kuan Tao, Xiangxin Li, Haoqi Xu, and Junqiang Qiu. 2024. "Combined Impact of Heart Rate Sensor Placements with Respiratory Rate and Minute Ventilation on Oxygen Uptake Prediction" Sensors 24, no. 16: 5412. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165412