Object Weight and Hand Dominance Impact Kinematics in a Functional Reach-to-Drink Task in School-Aged Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Main Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. Object Constraints
4.2. Hand Dominance
4.3. Limitations and Future Directions
4.4. Clinical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Condition | Bottle Size (Diameter × Height (cm)) | Weight (g) |
---|---|---|
Empty | 6.2 × 14 | 31.5 |
Half | 187.9 | |
Full | 346.5 |
Variable | Units | Description | Calculation |
---|---|---|---|
Average Speed | mm/s | Average velocity during the withdrawal movement | Velocity was calculated at each position of the hand marker cluster using a 4-point central difference numerical differentiation, then averaged across the movement |
Peak Velocity | mm/s | Peak velocity reached during the withdrawal movement | Velocity was calculated at each position of the hand marker cluster using a 4-point central difference numerical differentiation |
Straightness Ratio | ratio | a value closer to one indicates a straighter movement | Hand path length/straight line distance from start to end of the movement |
Number of Velocity Peaks | count | Fewer velocity peaks indicate a smoother movement | Number of velocity peaks in a movement, with a peak defined as a change > 100 mm/s |
Log Dimensionless Jerk | no units | Measures smoothness of movement, with less negative values indicating a smoother movement | The negative natural logarithm of the squared absolute value of jerk multiplied with the trial duration to the power of three and divided by the squared peak velocity [55] |
Effects | Bottle Fill | Hand | Bottle Fill * Hand | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Num DF | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
Den DF | 60 | 30 | 60 | ||||||
Variables | F | Sig | η2p | F | Sig | η2p | F | Sig | η2p |
Average Velocity (mm/s) | 4.58 | 0.01 * | 0.13 | 5.80 | 0.02 * | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.0003 |
Peak Velocity (mm/s) | 5.34 | 0.007 * | 0.15 | 7.31 | 0.01 * | 0.33 | 1.69 | 0.19 | 0.05 |
Straightness Ratio | 0.73 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.001 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.02 |
Number of Velocity Peaks | 3.00 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.88 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 0.02 |
Log Dimensionless Jerk | 1.90 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 1.01 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.02 |
Bottle Fill | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Hand | Empty | Half | Full | Average of Fills |
Average Velocity (mm/s) 1,2 | Dominant | 540.4 (147.0) | 503.6 (149.1) | 531.5 (124.1) | 525.2 (140.7) 1 |
Non-dominant | 560.3 (137.3) | 520.6 (142.6) | 549.4 (154.6) | 543.5 (145.2) 1 | |
Average of Both Hands | 550.4 (142.0) 2 | 512.1 (145.6) 2 | 540.5 (139.9) | ||
Peak Velocity (mm/s) 1,2 | Dominant | 885.5 (234.3) | 829.0 (212.9) | 877.9 (175.0) | 864.1 (209.2) 1 |
Non-dominant | 947.0 (231.6) | 856.4 (183.4) | 886.2 (195.9) | 896.5 (207.0) 1 | |
Average of Both Hands | 916.3 (234.0) 2 | 842.7 (198.4) 2 | 882.0 (185.0) | ||
Straightness Ratio | Dominant | 1.042 (0.035) | 1.050 (0.049) | 1.045 (0.038) | 1.045 (0.041) |
Non-dominant | 1.047 (0.046) | 1.048 (0.052) | 1.040 (0.040) | 1.045 (0.046) | |
Average of Both Hands | 1.044 (0.041) | 1.049 (0.050) | 1.042 (0.039) | ||
Number of Velocity Peaks | Dominant | 1.19 (0.43) | 1.29 (0.52) | 1.21 (0.45) | 1.23 (0.47) |
Non-dominant | 1.22 (0.45) | 1.40 (0.58) | 1.19 (0.43) | 1.27 (0.50) | |
Average of Both Hands | 1.21 (0.44) | 1.34 (0.55) | 1.20 (0.44) | ||
Log Dimensionless Jerk | Dominant | −10.36 (0.72) | −10.60 (0.95) | −10.47 (0.80) | −10.48 (0.83) |
Non-dominant | −10.51 (0.87) | −10.66 (0.92) | −10.45 (0.89) | −10.54 (0.90) | |
Average of Both Hands | −10.41 (0.80) | −10.63 (0.93) | −10.46 (0.84) |
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Mazzarella, J.; Richie, D.; Chaudhari, A.M.W.; Pan, X.; Tudella, E.; Spees, C.K.; Heathcock, J.C. Object Weight and Hand Dominance Impact Kinematics in a Functional Reach-to-Drink Task in School-Aged Children. Sensors 2024, 24, 5421. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165421
Mazzarella J, Richie D, Chaudhari AMW, Pan X, Tudella E, Spees CK, Heathcock JC. Object Weight and Hand Dominance Impact Kinematics in a Functional Reach-to-Drink Task in School-Aged Children. Sensors. 2024; 24(16):5421. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165421
Chicago/Turabian StyleMazzarella, Julia, Daniel Richie, Ajit M. W. Chaudhari, Xueliang Pan, Eloisa Tudella, Colleen K. Spees, and Jill C. Heathcock. 2024. "Object Weight and Hand Dominance Impact Kinematics in a Functional Reach-to-Drink Task in School-Aged Children" Sensors 24, no. 16: 5421. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165421