Comparative Analysis of Adaptation Behaviors of Different Types of Drivers to Steer-by-Wire Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Comparative analysis of driving behaviors: by contrasting the behaviors of experienced and novice drivers under traditional and steer-by-wire steering systems, the article reveals distinct characteristics in drivers’ acceptance and adaptation processes to the steer-by-wire steering systems;
- Exploration of factors influencing adaptability: The article investigates the impact of factors such as driving experience, skills, and styles on drivers’ adaptability to steer-by-wire systems. Through the collection and analysis of experimental data, it examines how different types of drivers adapt to changes in steering systems, offering new insights into understanding driver-behavioral adaptability;
- Observation and evaluation of novice drivers’ growth behavior: The article observes and evaluates the growth behavior of novice drivers under different steering systems. Analyzing their driving behaviors under traditional and steer-by-wire systems provides deeper insights into their progression from initial exposure to gradual mastery of new technology. This contributes to designing steer-by-wire systems tailored to novice drivers’ needs.
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design
- (1)
- Questionnaire Design
- (2)
- Driving-Simulator Experiment Design
2.3. Produce
2.4. Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
3. Result
3.1. Driver Questionnaire Survey Results
3.2. Analysis of Driving Data Variation for Different Types of Drivers
3.2.1. Speed Variation Curves
3.2.2. Steering-Wheel Angle Variation Curve
3.3. Adaptation of Different Types of Drivers’ Behavior
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparative Analysis of Different Types of Drivers Driving Different Steering Systems
4.2. Changes in Driver Behavioral Adaptation Caused by Steer-by-Wire Systems
4.3. Impact of Steer-by-Wire Systems on A-Level Drivers
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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A-Level Driver | ||||||||
Steer-by-Wire System | Traditional Steering System | |||||||
1 | 2 | … | 15 | 1 | 2 | … | 15 | |
Average Vehicle Speed (km/h) | 52.64 | 57.07 | … | 55.91 | 53.45 | 57.91 | … | 56.79 |
Longitudinal Speed Standard Deviation | 24.89 | 22.74 | … | 21.18 | 16.37 | 18.98 | … | 19.14 |
Maximum Steering-Wheel Angle (°) | 87.08 | 97.18 | … | 95.64 | 228.02 | 187.45 | … | 174.87 |
Steering-Wheel Angle Standard Deviation | 29.29 | 30.61 | … | 30.12 | 43.77 | 43.04 | … | 42.84 |
Driving Completion Time (s) | 86.00 | 92.84 | … | 95.32 | 103.38 | 95.50 | … | 96.28 |
B-Level Driver | ||||||||
Steer-by-Wire System | Traditional Steering System | |||||||
1 | 2 | … | 15 | 1 | 2 | … | 15 | |
Average Vehicle Speed (km/h) | 45.43 | 42.85 | … | 40.97 | 34.15 | 48.04 | … | 42.90 |
Longitudinal Speed Standard Deviation | 14.04 | 13.83 | … | 13.15 | 13.23 | 11.75 | … | 12.27 |
Maximum Steering-Wheel Angle (°) | 203.17 | 103.03 | … | 95.38 | 232.10 | 223.30 | … | 157.60 |
Steering-Wheel Angle Standard Deviation | 35.42 | 25.91 | … | 24.90 | 49.99 | 45.53 | … | 40.77 |
Driving Completion Time (s) | 115.84 | 124.38 | … | 129.94 | 155.61 | 114.38 | … | 124.45 |
A1 | A2 | … | A7 | B1 | B2 | … | B7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Driving style (Careful, General, Aggressive) | General | General | … | Aggressive | General | Aggressive | … | Careful |
driving skill (Excellent, Good, Medium, Pass, Fail) | Good | Medium | … | Medium | Excellent | Good | … | Good |
Understanding of the steer-by-wire system (Very familiar, Familiar, Uncertain, Unfamiliar, Very unfamiliar) | Familiar | Unfamiliar | … | Unfamiliar | Familiar | Familiar | … | Familiar |
Trust in the steer-by-wire system (Very trust, Trust, Uncertain, Distrust, Very distrust) | Trust | Trust | … | Uncertain | Trust | Trust | … | Uncertain |
Acceptance of steer-by-wire system (Very acceptable, Acceptable, Uncertain, Unacceptable, Very unacceptable) | Acceptable | Uncertain | … | Unacceptable | Acceptable | Acceptable | … | Acceptable |
Steer-by-wire system driving experience (Very good, Good, Uncertain, Bad, Very bad) | Good | Good | … | Uncertain | Good | Good | … | Good |
Feel the difference between the two types of steering systems | Yes | Deny | … | Deny | Yes | Yes | … | Yes |
A1_SBW | A2_SBW | A3_SBW | A4_SBW | A5_SBW | A6_SBW | A7_SBW | A_SBW | |
Mean | 41.901 | 46.806 | 37.529 | 53.385 | 50.106 | 45.480 | 43.423 | 45.519 |
Median | 42.226 | 45.640 | 37.318 | 53.364 | 50.836 | 44.843 | 43.645 | 44.749 |
Range | 10.984 | 17.225 | 7.953 | 9.330 | 9.387 | 21.071 | 8.010 | 23.672 |
Standard deviation | 2.929 | 4.472 | 2.086 | 2.456 | 2.550 | 5.201 | 2.308 | 5.866 |
B1_SBW | B2_SBW | B3_SBW | B4_SBW | B5_SBW | B6_SBW | B7_SBW | B_SBW | |
Mean | 59.137 | 62.960 | 52.234 | 57.750 | 56.262 | 52.808 | 48.008 | 55.594 |
Median | 59.547 | 63.302 | 51.436 | 58.531 | 56.020 | 52.204 | 47.867 | 56.031 |
Range | 9.255 | 7.626 | 11.291 | 7.577 | 11.811 | 8.326 | 4.909 | 20.642 |
Standard deviation | 2.462 | 1.954 | 2.799 | 2.071 | 3.196 | 2.714 | 1.607 | 5.205 |
A1_nSBW | A2_nSBW | A3_nSBW | A4_nSBW | A5_nSBW | A6_nSBW | A7_nSBW | A_nSBW | |
Mean | 41.067 | 44.792 | 41.569 | 44.423 | 54.719 | 41.688 | 55.142 | 46.200 |
Median | 40.466 | 45.158 | 40.965 | 45.373 | 54.329 | 41.110 | 54.476 | 45.373 |
Range | 13.897 | 6.658 | 6.819 | 15.901 | 11.241 | 19.199 | 15.700 | 29.864 |
Standard deviation | 3.543 | 2.123 | 2.201 | 4.309 | 2.880 | 5.673 | 3.806 | 6.740 |
B1_nSBW | B2_nSBW | B3_nSBW | B4_nSBW | B5_nSBW | B6_nSBW | B7_nSBW | B_nSBW | |
Mean | 58.894 | 57.179 | 52.269 | 57.888 | 56.914 | 58.192 | 56.189 | 56.789 |
Median | 59.413 | 57.350 | 52.179 | 56.836 | 58.869 | 57.318 | 56.072 | 56.986 |
Range | 8.174 | 15.283 | 9.334 | 6.944 | 11.443 | 9.605 | 9.024 | 15.394 |
Standard deviation | 2.046 | 4.857 | 2.832 | 2.212 | 3.672 | 3.225 | 2.502 | 3.695 |
A1_SBW | A2_SBW | A3_SBW | A4_SBW | A5_SBW | A6_SBW | A7_SBW | A_SBW | |
Mean | 115.96 | 138.89 | 85.76 | 203.93 | 169.15 | 154.03 | 137.20 | 143.56 |
Median | 106.56 | 121.21 | 84.32 | 218.26 | 185.00 | 147.11 | 123.76 | 129.15 |
Range | 113.18 | 141.81 | 76.54 | 98.18 | 162.65 | 125.93 | 134.60 | 187.17 |
Standard deviation | 29.05 | 45.99 | 17.95 | 29.02 | 51.52 | 43.59 | 39.62 | 51.15 |
B1_SBW | B2_SBW | B3_SBW | B4_SBW | B5_SBW | B6_SBW | B7_SBW | B_SBW | |
Mean | 94.38 | 143.04 | 87.93 | 97.83 | 95.24 | 132.81 | 145.58 | 113.83 |
Median | 92.17 | 144.00 | 83.42 | 98.49 | 94.64 | 129.22 | 146.66 | 108.94 |
Range | 47.03 | 83.57 | 73.11 | 38.38 | 62.11 | 68.67 | 67.85 | 115.32 |
Standard deviation | 11.13 | 21.92 | 19.30 | 14.14 | 17.06 | 21.45 | 20.60 | 29.58 |
A1_nSBW | A2_nSBW | A3_nSBW | A4_nSBW | A5_nSBW | A6_nSBW | A7_nSBW | A_nSBW | |
Mean | 157.18 | 162.54 | 158.53 | 225.15 | 159.87 | 199.28 | 248.27 | 187.26 |
Median | 145.77 | 159.36 | 157.12 | 238.03 | 154.13 | 200.48 | 243.96 | 173.08 |
Range | 106.14 | 95.89 | 51.70 | 166.90 | 87.94 | 151.07 | 91.60 | 176.72 |
Standard deviation | 31.24 | 23.61 | 16.21 | 48.30 | 27.02 | 40.34 | 22.49 | 46.39 |
B1_nSBW | B2_nSBW | B3_nSBW | B4_nSBW | B5_nSBW | B6_nSBW | B7_nSBW | B_nSBW | |
Mean | 144.46 | 179.06 | 138.09 | 135.18 | 177.95 | 210.68 | 133.00 | 159.77 |
Median | 140.60 | 188.22 | 146.96 | 137.24 | 174.93 | 208.40 | 125.37 | 158.49 |
Range | 60.08 | 107.44 | 90.11 | 54.40 | 58.14 | 100.57 | 74.80 | 162.89 |
Standard deviation | 15.97 | 29.12 | 32.56 | 17.44 | 15.71 | 27.20 | 23.87 | 36.18 |
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Chen, C.; Jin, L.; Zheng, H.; Zong, C. Comparative Analysis of Adaptation Behaviors of Different Types of Drivers to Steer-by-Wire Systems. Sensors 2024, 24, 5562. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175562
Chen C, Jin L, Zheng H, Zong C. Comparative Analysis of Adaptation Behaviors of Different Types of Drivers to Steer-by-Wire Systems. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5562. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175562
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Chen, Liqiang Jin, Hongyu Zheng, and Changfu Zong. 2024. "Comparative Analysis of Adaptation Behaviors of Different Types of Drivers to Steer-by-Wire Systems" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5562. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175562