Autonomic Responses Associated with Olfactory Preferences of Fragrance Consumers: Skin Conductance, Respiration, and Heart Rate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Equipment and Procedure
- (1)
- ErgoLAB EDA wireless skin conductance sensor (sampling rate: 64 Hz, acquisition range: 0–30 μS). The two electrodes of the EDA sensor are fixed at the fingertips of the index finger and middle finger (as shown in Figure 1a).
- (2)
- ErgoLAB RESP wireless respiratory sensor (sampling rate: 64 Hz; acquisition range: 0–140 rpm). The belt of the RESP sensor is fixed between the chest and abdomen of the subject (as shown in Figure 1b).
- (3)
- ErgoLAB PPG wireless blood volume pulse sensor (sampling rate: 64 Hz; acquisition range: 0–240 bpm). The ear clip electrodes of the PPG sensor are fixed on the earlobe (as shown in Figure 1c).
2.3. Data Processing and Analysiss
2.3.1. Indicator Extraction
2.3.2. Extraction of Physiological Signal Differences
2.3.3. Preference Comparative Analysis
2.3.4. Comparative Analysis of Male and Female
2.3.5. Prediction of Olfactory Perception Preference
3. Results
3.1. Comparative Analysis Results of Preferences
3.2. Comparative Analysis Results of Male and Female
3.3. Prediction Results of Olfactory Perception Preference
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Project | Agree | Disagree |
---|---|---|
I don’t have any neurological diseases. | ||
I don’t have rhinitis. | ||
I can accurately perceive smells. | ||
I am able to clearly express what I want. | ||
I often use fragrance products in my daily life (more than twice a week). | ||
I’m not allergic to any smell. |
Change Value | Calm Stage (Like) | Stimulation Stage (Like) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
SC_Mean | 5.736 | 5.523 | 1.997 | <0.01 |
AVRESP | 12.480 | 10.851 | 1.997 | <0.01 |
HR_Mean | 79.030 | 81.924 | 1.997 | <0.01 |
Change Value | Calm Stage (Disgust) | Stimulation Stage (Disgust) | t | p |
SC_Mean | 6.570 | 6.348 | 1.997 | <0.01 |
AVRESP | 12.436 | 12.881 | 1.997 | 0.286 |
HR_Mean | 78.924 | 76.742 | 1.997 | <0.01 |
Change Value | Like (Male) | Like (Female) | Difference (Absolute Value) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC_Mean’ | −0.142 | −0.253 | 0.111 | 2.028 | 0.382 |
AVRESP’ | −1.877 | −1.487 | 0.39 | 1.997 | 0.614 |
HR_Mean’ | 3.75 | 2.404 | 1.346 | 2.030 | 0.209 |
Change Value | Disgust (Male) | Disgust (Female) | Difference (Absolute Value) | t | p |
SC_Mean’ | −0.046 | −0.264 | 0.218 | 2.015 | 0.141 |
AVRESP’ | 0.036 | 0.935 | 0.899 | 1.997 | 0.283 |
HR_Mean’ | −1.777 | −2.666 | 0.889 | 1.997 | 0.350 |
Prediction Model | Independent Variable | β | p | AUC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Logistic regression | Intercept | −0.329 | 0.190 | \ |
SC_Mean’ | 0.039 | 0.921 | \ | |
AVRESP’ | −0.335 | <0.01 | 0.676 | |
HR_Mean’ | 0.474 | <0.01 | 0.833 |
Observation/Forecast | Forecast | ||
---|---|---|---|
Observation | Like | Disgust | Correct Percentage |
Like | 55 | 11 | 83.3% |
Disgust | 10 | 56 | 84.8% |
Overall percentage | 84.1% |
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Tang, B.; Zhu, M.; Wu, Y.; Guo, G.; Hu, Z.; Ding, Y. Autonomic Responses Associated with Olfactory Preferences of Fragrance Consumers: Skin Conductance, Respiration, and Heart Rate. Sensors 2024, 24, 5604. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175604
Tang B, Zhu M, Wu Y, Guo G, Hu Z, Ding Y. Autonomic Responses Associated with Olfactory Preferences of Fragrance Consumers: Skin Conductance, Respiration, and Heart Rate. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5604. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175604
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Bangbei, Mingxin Zhu, Yingzhang Wu, Gang Guo, Zhian Hu, and Yongfeng Ding. 2024. "Autonomic Responses Associated with Olfactory Preferences of Fragrance Consumers: Skin Conductance, Respiration, and Heart Rate" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5604. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175604