Characterization of Root Hair Curling and Nodule Development in Soybean–Rhizobia Symbiosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Root Hairs In Situ Observation
2.2. Root Image Processing (Root Hair and Nodule) and Root Hair Separation
- Step 1: Root hairs thinning
- Step 2: Root hair connecting with root axis
- Step 3: Searching and separating
2.3. Root Hair Curling Angle Calculation
2.4. Observed Nodule and Real Nodule Conversion
3. Result
3.1. Root Hair Curling Angle in Different Rhizobia Density
3.2. Root Hair Curling Angle over Time
3.3. Nodule Development over Time and Diameter Calibration
3.4. Relationship between Nodule Number/Diameter and Rhizobia Density
4. Discussion
4.1. Principal Findings and Comparison with Other Studies
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Implications and Potential Application
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Days after Inoculation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 45 | |
Observed diameter (mm) | 0.71 ± 0.03 a | 1.14 ± 0.06 b | 2.33 ± 0.11 b | 3.33 ± 0.07 b | 3.82 ± 0.12 c | 4.16 ± 0.15 b |
Calculated diameter (mm) | ⁄ | 1.32 ± 0.09 a | 2.36 ± 0.06 b | 3.77 ± 0.09 a | 4.65 ± 0.7 a | 5.33 ± 0.13 a |
Measured diameter (mm) | 0.68 ± 0.02 a | 1.20 ± 0.03 b | 2.61 ± 0.08 a | 3.85 ± 0.08 a | 4.08 ± 0.13 b | 4.37 ± 0.13 b |
Relative error vs. observed | ⁄ | 10.24% | 6.05% | 13.51% | 12.79% | 14.58% |
Relative error vs. calculated | ⁄ | 3.94% | 4.84% | 2.08% | 6.16% | 7.45% |
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Lu, W.; Wang, X.; Jia, W. Characterization of Root Hair Curling and Nodule Development in Soybean–Rhizobia Symbiosis. Sensors 2024, 24, 5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175726
Lu W, Wang X, Jia W. Characterization of Root Hair Curling and Nodule Development in Soybean–Rhizobia Symbiosis. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175726
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Wei, Xiaochan Wang, and Weidong Jia. 2024. "Characterization of Root Hair Curling and Nodule Development in Soybean–Rhizobia Symbiosis" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5726. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175726