Use of the SNOWED Dataset for Sentinel-2 Remote Sensing of Water Bodies: The Case of the Po River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. The SNOWED Dataset
2.1.2. EU-Hydro River Network Database
2.1.3. AIPo Water Level Measurements
2.1.4. Sentinel-2 Imagery
2.2. Neural Network for Water/Land Segmentation of Satellite Images
2.3. Sensing Algorithm
2.4. Methodology for Assessing the Performance of the DNN
- Accuracy, which measures the proportion of correctly classified pixels out of the total number of pixels:
- Precision, also known as Positive Predictive Value (PPV). For the water class, it measures the proportion of pixels predicted as water that are correctly classified:
- Recall, also known as True Positive Rate (TPR). For the water class, it measures the proportion of actual water pixels that are correctly identified.
- F1 score which is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, providing a balanced measure that considers both false positives and false negatives:
2.5. Comparison between Remote Water Area Measurements and Local Water Depth Measurements
2.6. Virtual Gauge Stations along the Po River
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Assessment of Remote Sensing System Using the SNOWED Validation Set
3.2. Assessment of the Final Measurements by Comparison with Measurements by Local Depth Sensors
3.3. Space-Time Po River Monitoring
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tile Identifier | Relative Orbit Number |
---|---|
32TLQ | 108 |
32TMR | 65 |
32TMQ | 65 |
32TNQ | 65 |
32TPQ | 22 |
32TQQ | 22 |
ACC | PPV | TPR | F1 | IoU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land | - | 97.0% | 98.5% | 97.7% | 95.6% |
Water | - | 99.2% | 98.5% | 98.9% | 97.8% |
Mean | 98.5% | 98.1% | 98.5% | 98.3% | 96.7% |
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Scarpetta, M.; Spadavecchia, M.; Affuso, P.; D’Alessandro, V.I.; Giaquinto, N. Use of the SNOWED Dataset for Sentinel-2 Remote Sensing of Water Bodies: The Case of the Po River. Sensors 2024, 24, 5827. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175827
Scarpetta M, Spadavecchia M, Affuso P, D’Alessandro VI, Giaquinto N. Use of the SNOWED Dataset for Sentinel-2 Remote Sensing of Water Bodies: The Case of the Po River. Sensors. 2024; 24(17):5827. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175827
Chicago/Turabian StyleScarpetta, Marco, Maurizio Spadavecchia, Paolo Affuso, Vito Ivano D’Alessandro, and Nicola Giaquinto. 2024. "Use of the SNOWED Dataset for Sentinel-2 Remote Sensing of Water Bodies: The Case of the Po River" Sensors 24, no. 17: 5827. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175827