Association between WHO First-Step Analgesic Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women of Working Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Participant Characteristics
2.2. Risk Factors Associated with Cancer Development
2.2.1. Hazard Ratios (HRs) Associated with Cancer Development
2.2.2. Cumulative Incidence According to Analgesic Use
2.3. Association between Cancer and Analgesic Use by Working-Age
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Data Collection
4.2. Criteria and Definitions
4.3. Assessment of First-Step Analgesic Use
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Descriptions | Young-Aged (25~39) | Middle-Aged (40~49) | Senior-Aged (50~64) | x2 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
Insurance type | |||||||||
Members (a) | 950 | 39.7 | 1125 | 43.9 | 500 | 28.0 | 475.50 | 0.000 | |
Dependents (b) | 815 | 34.1 | 825 | 32.2 | 940 | 52.7 | |||
Self-employed | 220 | 9.2 | 400 | 15.6 | 295 | 16.5 | |||
Employee | 405 | 16.9 | 210 | 8.2 | 50 | 2.8 | |||
Income | |||||||||
Low (1~3) | 695 | 29.1 | 817 | 31.9 | 611 | 34.2 | 49.85 | 0.000 | |
Middle (4~6) | 875 | 36.6 | 743 | 29.0 | 495 | 27.7 | |||
High (7~10) | 820 | 34.3 | 1000 | 39.1 | 679 | 38.0 | |||
Body mass index (BMI) | |||||||||
<25 | 1820 | 76.2 | 1756 | 68.6 | 1026 | 57.5 | 164.75 | 0.000 | |
≥25 | 570 | 23.8 | 804 | 31.4 | 759 | 42.5 | |||
Total cholesterol | |||||||||
<240 | 2225 | 93.1 | 2220 | 86.7 | 1409 | 78.9 | 178.49 | 0.000 | |
≥240 | 165 | 6.9 | 360 | 14.1 | 376 | 21.1 | |||
Alcohol intake | |||||||||
Never | 1531 | 64.1 | 1855 | 72.5 | 1547 | 86.7 | 267.80 | 0.000 | |
Ever | 859 | 35.9 | 705 | 27.5 | 238 | 13.3 | |||
Smoking | |||||||||
Never | 2161 | 90.4 | 2347 | 91.7 | 1686 | 94.5 | 22.99 | 0.000 | |
Ever | 229 | 9.6 | 213 | 8.3 | 99 | 5.5 | |||
Exercise | |||||||||
Never | 1011 | 42.3 | 1242 | 48.5 | 945 | 52.9 | 48.15 | 0.000 | |
Ever | 1379 | 57.7 | 1318 | 51.5 | 840 | 47.1 | |||
Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) | |||||||||
0 | 1515 | 63.4 | 1392 | 54.4 | 639 | 35.8 | 517.46 | 0.000 | |
1 | 573 | 24.0 | 641 | 25.0 | 468 | 26.2 | |||
2 | 208 | 8.7 | 301 | 11.8 | 293 | 16.4 | |||
≥3 | 94 | 3.9 | 226 | 8.8 | 385 | 21.6 | |||
Analgesics use | |||||||||
Never | 536 | 22.4 | 600 | 23.4 | 299 | 16.8 | 201.95 | 0.000 | |
Non-regular | 1572 | 65.8 | 1630 | 63.7 | 1013 | 56.8 | |||
Regular | 282 | 11.8 | 330 | 12.9 | 473 | 26.5 |
Variables | HR (a) | 95% CI (b) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Economic activity | ||||
Not participating | 1.000 | |||
Participating | 1.542 | 1.345–1.768 | 0.000 *** | |
Income | ||||
Low (1~3) | 1.000 | |||
Middle (4~6) | 1.673 | 1.419–1.973 | 0.000 *** | |
High (7~10) | 3.089 | 2.647–3.605 | 0.000 *** | |
Body mass index (BMI) | 0.990 | 0.975–1.006 | 0.478 | |
Total cholesterol | 0.998 | 0.997–0.999 | 0.007 ** | |
Alcohol intake | ||||
Never | 1.000 | |||
Ever | 0.967 | 0.853–1.096 | 0.600 ** | |
Smoking | ||||
Never | 1.000 | |||
Ever | 0.638 | 0.497–0.819 | 0.000 *** | |
Exercise | ||||
Never | 1.000 | |||
Ever | 0.836 | 0.751–0.931 | 0.001 ** | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) | ||||
0 | 1.000 | |||
1 | 0.993 | 0.870–1.134 | 0.919 | |
2 | 1.123 | 0.946–1.343 | 0.186 | |
≥3 | 1.113 | 0.921–1.345 | 0.268 | |
First-step analgesics use | ||||
Never | 1.000 | |||
Non-regular | 0.905 | 0.785–1.043 | 0.168 | |
Regular | 0.748 | 0.614–0.912 | 0.004 ** |
Model 1 (a) | Young-Aged (25~39) | Middle-Aged (40~49) | Senior-Aged (50~64) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (b) | 95% CI (c) | p | HR | 95% CI | p | HR | 95% CI | p | ||
Economic activity | ||||||||||
Not-participating | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||
Participating | 1.482 | 1.185–1.854 | 0.001 ** | 1.700 | 1.361–2.124 | 0.000 *** | 1.386 | 1.049–1.833 | 0.022 ** | |
Income | ||||||||||
Low (1~3) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||
Middle (4~6) | 1.731 | 1.314–2.281 | 0.000 *** | 1.763 | 1.334–2.330 | 0.000 *** | 1.556 | 1.142–2.120 | 0.005 ** | |
High (7~10) | 3.161 | 2.415–4.138 | 0.000 *** | 3.504 | 2.712–4.529 | 0.000 *** | 2.503 | 1.895–3.306 | 0.000 *** | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) | ||||||||||
0 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||
1 | 1.234 | 0.994–1.534 | 0.057 | 0.969 | 0.785–1.196 | 0.767 | 0.730 | 0.551–0.968 | 0.029 ** | |
2 | 1.555 | 1.149–2.105 | 0.005 ** | 0.815 | 0.603–1.100 | 0.181 | 1.000 | 0.739–1.354 | 0.999 | |
≥3 | 2.095 | 1.422–3.086 | 0.000 *** | 0.976 | 0.703–1.356 | 0.886 | 0.823 | 0.606–1.118 | 0.213 | |
First-step analgesics use | ||||||||||
Never | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||
Non-regular | 0.915 | 0.723–1.157 | 0.458 | 0.912 | 0.728–1.142 | 0.423 | 0.912 | 0.678–1.227 | 0.542 | |
Regular | 0.611 | 0.427–0.875 | 0.007 ** | 0.929 | 0.670–1.288 | 0.659 | 0.741 | 0.517–1.061 | 0.100 * |
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Oh, H.S.; Seo, H.J. Association between WHO First-Step Analgesic Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women of Working Age. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16020323
Oh HS, Seo HJ. Association between WHO First-Step Analgesic Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women of Working Age. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(2):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16020323
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Hyun Sook, and Hwa Jeong Seo. 2023. "Association between WHO First-Step Analgesic Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women of Working Age" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 2: 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16020323