A Compound Containing Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Relieves the Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Hangover Symptoms in Healthy Men: An Open-Labeled Comparative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Study Design and Baseline Characteristics of Subjects
2.2. Efficacy of KISLip® Based on Alcohol Metabolism
2.3. Effects of KISLip® in the Context of Mutations in Alcohol Metabolism-Related Genes
2.4. Efficacy of KISLip® Based on Genetic Mutation
2.5. Assessment of Safety
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Composition of KISLip®
4.2. Recruitment of Participants
4.3. Study Design
4.4. Efficacy Assessment
4.5. Assessment of Genetic Mutations
4.6. Safety Assessment
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADH | alcohol dehydrogenase |
ALDH | aldehyde dehydrogenase |
CYP2E1 | cytochrome P4502E1 |
AST | aspartate transaminase |
ALT | alanine transaminase |
γ-GT | γ-glutaryl transpeptidase |
AUC | area under the curve |
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Symptom | After 2 h | After 15 h | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EtOH | KL-L | KL-H | p-Value | EtOH | KL-L | KL-H | p-Value | |
Excessive thirst | 3.46 ± 1.10 | 2.82 ± 1.33 | 2.85 ± 1.08 | 0.129 | 3.41 ± 1.26 | 2.73 ± 1.24 | 2.46 ± 1.06 | 0.002 |
Sleepiness | 3.27 ± 0.94 | 2.73 ± 1.12 | 2.64 ± 1.22 | 0.098 | 2.68 ± 1.21 | 2.41 ± 1.01 | 2.09 ± 1.11 | 0.016 |
Headache | 1.86 ± 0.94 | 1.68 ± 0.96 | 1.73 ± 0.99 | 0.794 | 1.96 ± 1.09 | 1.77 ± 1.11 | 1.82 ± 1.05 | 0.641 |
Dizziness | 1.96 ± 1.09 | 1.77 ± 1.07 | 1.73 ± 1.03 | 0.584 | 1.59 ± 0.85 | 1.59 ± 1.14 | 1.73 ± 1.08 | 0.497 |
Vomiting | 1.46 ± 0.74 | 1.27 ± 0.63 | 1.50 ± 0.91 | 0.156 | 1.36 ± 0.90 | 1.41 ± 0.85 | 1.36 ± 0.95 | 0.646 |
Fatigue | 2.14 ± 1.08 | 1.64 ± 0.73 | 1.59 ± 0.80 | 0.004 | 2.41 ± 1.22 | 1.77 ± 0.92 | 1.50 ± 0.80 | 0.000 |
Stomachache | 1.36 ± 0.66 | 1.36 ± 0.66 | 1.64 ± 1.14 | 0.142 | 1.54 ± 0.96 | 1.50 ± 1.01 | 1.27 ± 0.55 | 0.228 |
Nausea | 1.27 ± 0.55 | 1.18 ± 0.40 | 1.27 ± 0.63 | 0.368 | 1.32 ± 0.65 | 1.23 ± 0.53 | 1.27 ± 0.55 | 0.867 |
Loss of concentration | 2.18 ± 1.18 | 1.82 ± 0.96 | 1.82 ± 1.01 | 0.201 | 2.00 ± 1.07 | 1.68 ± 0.89 | 1.46 ± 0.67 | 0.011 |
Increased sensitivity (i.e., brightness and noise) | 1.86 ± 1.25 | 1.54 ± 0.96 | 1.59 ± 0.73 | 0.168 | 1.86 ± 1.21 | 1.27 ± 0.70 | 1.36 ± 0.73 | 0.005 |
Insomnia | 0.96 ± 1.25 | 0.64 ± 0.95 | 1.35 ± 0.72 | 0.045 | 1.96 ± 1.21 | 1.36 ± 0.58 | 1.64 ± 1.05 | 0.066 |
Sweat | 1.36 ± 0.58 | 1.27 ± 0.63 | 1.32 ± 0.65 | 0.756 | 1.36 ± 0.73 | 1.14 ± 0.47 | 1.04 ± 0.21 | 0.156 |
Depression | 1.36 ± 0.66 | 1.32 ± 0.78 | 1.36 ± 0.85 | 0.607 | 1.50 ± 1.01 | 1.18 ± 0.50 | 1.09 ± 0.29 | 0.038 |
Memory loss | 1.50 ± 0.91 | 1.09 ± 0.29 | 1.27 ± 0.77 | 0.129 | 1.23 ± 0.53 | 1.04 ± 0.21 | 1.04 ± 0.21 | 0.165 |
Mutation (+) (n = 10) | Mutation (−) (n = 12) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
EtOH | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 6.82 ± 2.09 | 8.22 ± 2.70 | 0.195 |
Alcohol AUC | 27.95 ± 13.17 | 33.27 ± 11.94 | 0.333 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.56 (0.75–1.69) | 1.71 (1.36–1.99) | 0.283 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 12.49 (8.40–15.43) | 14.51 (9.48–16.28) | 0.596 |
KL-L | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 5.60 ± 1.36 | 5.50 ± 0.84 | 0.833 |
Alcohol AUC | 27.97 ± 10.20 | 31.13 ± 7.96 | 0.423 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.07 (0.86–1.45) | 1.23 (1.09–1.77) | 0.228 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 7.65 (5.03–12.16) | 8.13 (6.72–12.23) | 0.862 |
KL-H | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 4.22 ± 0.72 | 4.15 ± 0.64 | 0.793 |
Alcohol AUC | 22.92 ± 10.21 | 27.23 ± 9.67 | 0.323 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.40 (0.93–2.71) | 1.18 (0.51–2.12) | 0.346 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 4.46 (3.67–8.99) | 3.04 (0.69–7.79) | 0.136 |
Mutation (+) (n = 3) | Mutation (−) (n = 19) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
EtOH | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 7.03 (2.72–7.03) | 7.56 (6.10–9.58) | 0.356 |
Alcohol AUC | 42.55 (11.08–42.55) | 28.13 (25.30–36.48) | 0.523 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.35 (0.79–1.35) | 1.65 (1.28–1.97) | 0.408 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 10.56 (5.79–10.56) | 13.47 (9.49–15.43) | 0.654 |
KL-L | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 5.48 (3.76–5.48) | 5.46 (4.83–6.61) | 0.651 |
Alcohol AUC | 36.13 (12.08–36.13) | 29.86 (21.61–37.30) | 0.929 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.40 (1.07–1.40) | 1.15 (0.95–1.59) | 0.308 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 8.78 (5.27–8.78) | 7.57 (6.24–11.96) | 0.887 |
KL-H | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 5.11 (4.12–5.11) | 4.10 (3.57–4.51) | 0.087 |
Alcohol AUC | 40.87 (18.70–40.87) | 24.94 (14.89–30.57) | 0.132 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 2.18 (1.56–2.18) | 1.22 (0.85–1.66) | 0.651 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 8.43 (8.11–8.43) | 3.92 (1.16–8.08) | 0.261 |
Mutation (+) (n = 5) | Mutation (−) (n = 17) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
EtOH | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 7.23 (6.37–11.39) | 7.03 (5.27–9.20) | 0.493 |
Alcohol AUC | 28.13 (20.33–44.64) | 29.32 (22.80–42.43) | 0.820 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.65 (1.10–2.11) | 1.59 (1.10–1.95) | 0.880 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 13.47 (8.19–18.41) | 12.40 (9.29–15.45) | 0.924 |
KL-L | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 5.30 (4.68–5.78) | 5.48 (4.77–6.63) | 0.704 |
Alcohol AUC | 29.86 (19.52–37.19) | 31.57 (22.65–37.86) | 0.762 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.59 (1.32–2.04) | 1.13 (0.91–1.30) | 0.031 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 10.62 (6.46–14.67) | 7.41 (5.51–12.28) | 0.398 |
KL-H | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 4.43 (3.79–5.51) | 4.12 (3.57–4.51) | 0.401 |
Alcohol AUC | 25.02 (12.26–34.85) | 24.94 (16.60–33.79) | 0.762 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.48 (0.54–4.10) | 1.22 (0.86–2.26) | 0.880 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 6.35 (3.36–8.65) | 3.92 (0.84–8.39) | 0.505 |
Mutation (+) (n = 7) | Mutation (−) (n = 15) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
EtOH | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 7.23 (6.10–9.58) | 7.03 (5.29–9.48) | 0.837 |
Alcohol AUC | 28.02 (20.30–50.25) | 30.99 (25.30–42.37) | 1.000 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.41 (0.79–1.75) | 1.65 (1.35–1.99) | 0.237 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 11.96 (7.82–15.64) | 13.46 (9.76–16.36) | 0.494 |
KL-L | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 5.27 (4.30–6.05) | 2.48 (4.83–6.65) | 0.535 |
Alcohol AUC | 29.86 (17.44–37.59) | 31.57 (26.86–37.30) | 0.731 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.25 (0.57–1.59) | 1.15 (1.01–1.81) | 0.837 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 10.62 (5.27–12.36) | 7.41 (6.24–12.07) | 0.689 |
KL-H | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 4.43 (3.65–4.84) | 4.12 (3.50–4.51) | 0.447 |
Alcohol AUC | 17.36 (14.42–39.45) | 27.03 (18.70–32.51) | 0.490 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.58 (0.56–4.29) | 1.10 (0.85–1.66) | 0.237 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 3.68 (0.77–7.59) | 4.19 (2.39–9.02) | 0.437 |
Mutant (n = 15) | Wild-Type (n = 7) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
EtOH | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 7.69 ± 0.62 | 7.36 ± 1.08 | 0.780 |
Alcohol AUC | 30.33 ± 3.32 | 31.97 ± 4.76 | 0.783 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.48 (1.93–1.75) | 1.93 (1.58–1.99) | 0.310 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 12.75 ± 1.50 | 14.54 (9.29–17.38) | 0.859 |
KL-L | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 5.54 ± 0.30 | 5.57 ± 0.33 | 0.956 |
Alcohol AUC | 29.32 ± 2.55 | 30.50 ± 2.74 | 0.781 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.20 (1.05–1.81) | 1.26 (1.15–1.81) | 0.679 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 9.59 ± 1.36 | 7.34 (6.83–11.96) | 0.768 |
KL-H | |||
Alcohol Cmax (g/L) | 4.30 ± 0.17 | 3.92 ± 0.23 | 0.215 |
Alcohol AUC | 25.26 ± 2.76 | 25.29 ± 3.32 | 0.996 |
Acetaldehyde Cmax * (g/L) | 1.30 (0.95–2.34) | 1.10 (0.51–2.37) | 0.768 |
Acetaldehyde AUC * | 6.01 ± 0.11 | 2.04 (0.69–7.41) | 0.254 |
Before | After | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.0 ± 2.1 | 125.9 ± 1.6 | 0.407 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.6 ± 1.7 | 76.6 ± 1.5 | 0.232 |
AST (U/L) | 25.7 ± 1.4 | 25.9 ± 2.5 | 0.786 |
ALT (U/L) | 24.7 ± 2.2 | 22.8 ± 2.2 | 0.317 |
γ-GT (U/L) | 33.0 ± 4.4 | 30.2 ± 4.2 | 0.134 |
Amylase (U/L) | 55.0 ± 3.6 | 58.8 ± 3.8 | 0.158 |
Lipase (U/L) | 19.0 ± 1.8 | 21.0 ± 2.6 | 0.257 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 101.1 ± 2.2 | 99.5 ± 1.6 | 0.332 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 0.076 |
EtOH (1st Trial) | EtOH (2nd Trial) | KL-L | KL-H | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AST (U/L) | 0 h | 27.1 ± 1.6 | 25.9 ± 2.5 | 25.3 ± 1.2 | 22.3 ± 0.9 |
15 h | 23.3 ± 1.1 | 25.0 ± 2.3 | 24.8 ± 1.2 | 23.4 ± 1.2 | |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.547 | 0.420 | 0.174 | |
ALT (U/L) | 0 h | 28.0 ± 3.0 | 22.8 ± 2.2 | 26.1 ± 2.6 | 22.3 ± 1.9 |
15 h | 25.7 ± 2.9 | 22.7 ± 2.8 | 26.6 ± 2.6 | 24.1 ± 2.2 | |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.932 | 0.316 | 0.013 | |
γ-GT (U/L) | 0 h | 34.1 ± 4.0 | 30.2 ± 4.2 | 33.7 ± 4.7 | 32.0 ± 4.4 |
15 h | 32.6 ± 3.8 | 30.6 ± 4.4 | 32.9 ± 4.6 | 31.3 ± 4.6 | |
p-value | 0.001 | 0.261 | 0.070 | 0.126 |
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Jeong, I.-K.; Han, A.; Jun, J.E.; Hwang, Y.-C.; Ahn, K.J.; Chung, H.Y.; Kang, B.S.; Choung, S.-Y. A Compound Containing Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Relieves the Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Hangover Symptoms in Healthy Men: An Open-Labeled Comparative Study. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081087
Jeong I-K, Han A, Jun JE, Hwang Y-C, Ahn KJ, Chung HY, Kang BS, Choung S-Y. A Compound Containing Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Relieves the Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Hangover Symptoms in Healthy Men: An Open-Labeled Comparative Study. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(8):1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081087
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong, In-Kyung, Anna Han, Ji Eun Jun, You-Cheol Hwang, Kyu Jeung Ahn, Ho Yeon Chung, Bo Seung Kang, and Se-Young Choung. 2024. "A Compound Containing Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Relieves the Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Hangover Symptoms in Healthy Men: An Open-Labeled Comparative Study" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 8: 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081087