Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Activities of Chuanxiong, a Key Medicinal Material in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Chemical Constituents
3.1. Phthalides
3.1.1. Monomeric Phthalides
3.1.2. Dimeric Phthalides
3.2. Organic Phenolic Acids and Their Esters
3.3. Alkaloids
3.4. Polysaccharides
3.5. Terpenes
3.6. Others
4. Pharmaceutical Activities
4.1. The Cardiocerebrovascular System
4.1.1. Coronary Heart Disease
4.1.2. Cerebral Hemorrhage
4.1.3. Atherosclerosis
4.1.4. Hypertension
4.2. The Nervous System
4.3. The Respiratory System
4.4. The Digestive System
4.5. The Urinary System
4.6. Other Pharmacological Activities
Region of Action | Components/Extracts of SLR | Model Types | Targets/Signal Pathways/Genes | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coronary heart disease | SLR and Chishao | Myocardial infarction model in mice | Notch pathway | Reduce infarct size and improve cardiac function | [70,72,73] |
Atherosclerosis model in rabbits | TC, FC | Protect the anti-inflammatory function of high-density lipoprotein, maintaining normal lipid transport function | |||
SLR extract | Cardiovascular disease model in mice | NO3-NO2-NO | Relaxes the blood vessels and treats coronary heart disease | ||
Cerebral hemorrhage | Z-ligustilide | Thromboembolic stroke model in mice | Nurr1, BDNF, CXCR4, SDF1αβ | Short-term incubation with low ligustilide concentrations is neuroprotective and can promote neurogenesis | [86,87] |
MCAO model in rats | Nrf 2, HSP 70 | Prevents cerebral ischemia | |||
Atherosclerosis | SLR extract | Atherosclerosis model in rabbits | TG, HDL-C, TC | Reduces serum cholesterol and LDL levels and improves erythrocyte deformability | [98,99,100,101,102,103] |
SLR extract | Rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation model | NO | Inhibits the proliferation of the vascular smooth muscle cells | ||
SLR lactone | Mouse atherosclerosis model | NF-κB | Reduces serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol | ||
Senkyunolide A Z-ligustilide | AP-1, NF-κB | Ameliorates atherosclerosis and modulates autoimmunity | |||
Ferulic acid | AMPK α, SREBP1, ACC1 | Alleviates atherosclerosis and regulates lipid levels in mice | |||
Ferulic acid | Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation model | NO, p21 | Increases the level of NO and induces the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) | ||
Hypertensive | Ferulic acid | Atherosclerotic and spontaneously hypertensive model in rats | ROS, ALT, AST, ALP | Improves the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, liver, and kidneys | [108,110] |
Ligustilide | Hypertensive model in rats | c-Myc, MMP2, ROCK1 | Reduces blood pressure and lipid levels | ||
Nervous system | SLR | Microsphere-embolized (ME) cerebral ischemia model in rats | DCX, NeuroD1, GAP-43, GFAP, IL-1β, and TNF-α | Protects the neurons, anti-neuroinflammation | [116,118,119,120,121,122,123] |
Ligustilide, senkyunolide I, and senkyunolide H | Glucose deprivation (OGD) model in mice, intracerebral hemorrhage model cells | MAPK pathway, PI3K-AKT-CREB pathway | Protect the nerve cells | ||
SLR extract | Parkinson’s syndrome model in rats | DA, miR-23a-3p/SNCA | Potential efficacy in Parkinson’s disease | ||
Volatile oil of SLR | Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model in rats | DA, NE | Antidepressant | ||
Respiratory system | SLR–Danshen–Danggui | Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury model in mice | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2, CRP, IL-6, MCP-1 | Inhibit the production of inflammatory factors and treat acute lung injury | [125,129,130,131,132,133] |
SLR | Pulmonary fibrosis model in rats | Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 | Improves pulmonary fibrosis and attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation | ||
TGF-β1/Smad pathway | Improves lung function and inhibits pulmonary fibrosis | ||||
Z-ligustilide | Human NSCLC cell lines H1299 and A549 | PTEN/AKT pathway | Regulates the proliferation, apoptosis, and aerobic glycolysis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells | ||
Cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells | PLPP1, AKT, PIP3 | Reduces cell viability, induces cell cycle arrest, and promotes apoptosis of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells | |||
Digestive system | SLR | Gastric ulcer model and gastric mucosal injury model in rats | Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) | Anti-ulcer and anti-gastric mucosal damage effects | [134,135,136,137] |
SLR–Orange Fruit (Zhiqiao) | CUMS model in rats | AMPAR/BDNF/mTOR/synapsin I pathway | Reduce depression-like behavior and improve gastrointestinal activity | ||
SLR–Kudzuvine Root (Gegen) | Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats | Claudin-5, ZO-1 | Regulate the intestinal barrier | ||
SLR decoctions | Gastric mucosal injury model rats | Specific viscosity in the blood and plasma cortisol levels | Protect from gastric mucosal injury and protect microcirculation in the gastric mucosa | ||
Urinary system | Ethanolic extract of SLR | A streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN C57BL/6 mice model | Nrf2, NF-κB | Attenuates structural and functional renal damage | [140,141,142,143,144,148,149,150] |
Phthalides in SLR | Improve hyperglycemia-induced diabetic renal dysfunction | ||||
SLR | Renal fibrosis model in rats | Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | Relieves the degree of renal fibrosis | ||
Senkyunolide A | Unilateral ureteral obstruction model in rats | Wnt4/β-catenin signaling pathway | Inhibit extracellular matrix deposition in renal tissues and improves renal function | ||
Senkyunolide I | Renal ischemia–reperfusion model in mice | TNF-α, IL-6, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, GRP78, CHOP | Alleviates ischemia–reperfusion-induced renal injury | ||
SLR and rhubarb | Acute kidney injury in rats | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p53 signaling | Inhibit renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and ameliorate acute kidney injury and renal fibrosis | ||
SLR | Renal inflammatory model in rats | miR-103a-3p | Inhibits the renal inflammatory response | ||
Acute pyelonephritis (APN) model in rats | IL-6/STAT3 axis | Improves renal function and suppresses inflammatory response |
5. Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Activities Based on SLR’s Action in Activating Blood Circulation and Removing Blood Stasis
5.1. Quantification of Improved Blood Rheology
5.2. Quantification of Improved Hemodynamics
5.3. Quantification of Improved Vascular Microcirculation
5.4. Quantification of Anti-Platelet Aggregation
5.5. Quantification of an Anticoagulant Effect
5.6. Calculation of a Comprehensive Index of Pharmaceutical Activities
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AngII | Angiotensin II |
AP-1 | Activating protein-1 |
CGMP-PKG | Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G |
CHD | Coronary heart disease |
CMM | Chinese materia medica |
CUMS | Chronic unpredictable mild stress |
CVDs | Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases |
HUVEC | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell vessels |
ICAM-1 | Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor-kappa B |
LDL | Low-density lipoprotein |
MCP-1 | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
MOVAS | Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer |
PDGF | Platelet-derived growth factor |
PGC-1α | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha |
PGE2 | Prostaglandin E2 |
PI3K | Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
PIP3 | Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate |
SLR | Szechwan lovage rhizome |
TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor-β |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
VCAM-1 | Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
VSMCs | Vascular smooth muscle cells |
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Huang, S.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Xing, C.; Zhao, L.; Chan, K.; Lu, G. Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Activities of Chuanxiong, a Key Medicinal Material in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091157
Huang S, Chen J, Liu X, Xing C, Zhao L, Chan K, Lu G. Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Activities of Chuanxiong, a Key Medicinal Material in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(9):1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091157
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Shiwei, Jiamei Chen, Xiaohua Liu, Chunxin Xing, Lu Zhao, Kelvin Chan, and Guanghua Lu. 2024. "Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Activities of Chuanxiong, a Key Medicinal Material in Traditional Chinese Medicine" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 9: 1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091157