Myrtus communis L. Essential Oil Exhibits Antiviral Activity against Coronaviruses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Compositions of MEO
2.2. Antioxidant Activity
2.3. Antiviral Activity against HCoV-229E Coronavirus
2.4. Comparison of EC50 and CC50 with HCoV-229E Infection for MEO, Remdesivir, and Nirmatrelvir
2.5. Antiviral Activity against HCoV-OC43 Coronavirus
2.6. Comparison of EC50 and CC50 with HCoV-OC43E Infection for MEO, Remdesivir, and Nirmatrelvir
2.7. Effect of MEO and Remdesivir on SARS-CoV-2 Subgenomic Replicon System
2.8. SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles System on MEO and Remdesivir
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Myrtus Essential Oil Extraction
4.2. Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
4.3. Antiradical Activity of Essential Oil from Myrtus
4.4. Cell Culture
4.5. HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 Infection and Inhibition Assays
4.6. HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 Immunofluorescence Staining and Imaging
4.7. PrestoBlue Cell Viability Assay for Huh7.5
4.8. SARS-CoV-2 MEO Replicon Assay and Luminescence
4.9. MEO Transfection Efficiency Assay
4.10. SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles Production and Titration
4.11. SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles Transduction Assay and Immunofluorescence Staining
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rt | KI Let | KI Sper | Components | % ± SD | IM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.242 | 892 | 892 | isobutyl isobutyrate | 0.25 ± 0.02 | MS-RI |
12.626 | 930 | 929 | artemisia triene | 0.10 ± 0.01 | MS-RI |
12.781 | 939 | 939 | endo-5-norbornene-2-ol | 0.12 ± 0.01 | MS-RI |
13.068 | 939 | 940 | α-pinene | 37.83 ± 0.15 | Std |
13.552 | 944 | 947 | 5-methyl-3-heptanone | 0.06 ± 0.02 | MS-RI |
13.617 | 954 | 956 | camphene | 0.60 ± 0.03 | Std |
14.492 | 979 | 977 | trans-para-menthane | 0.21 ± 0.02 | MS-RI |
14.640 | 979 | 979 | ß-pinene | 0.38 ± 0.02 | Std |
15.047 | 986 | 985 | cis-pinane | 0.20 ± 0.01 | MS-RI |
16.281 | 1025 | 1025 | p-cymene | 1.59 ± 0.05 | Std |
16.450 | 1029 | 1030 | limonene | 10.70 ± 0.09 | Std |
16.562 | 1031 | 1032 | 1,8-cineole | 27.17 ± 0.8 | Std |
17.463 | 1060 | 1058 | γ-terpinene | 0.19 ± 0.03 | Std |
18.759 | 1097 | 1097 | linalool | 7.24 ± 0.10 | Std |
19.077 | 1102 | 1101 | cis-thujone | 0.31 ± 0.04 | MS-RI |
19.425 | 1114 | 1114 | trans-thujone | 0.17 ± 0.02 | MS-RI |
19.962 | 1134 | 1137 | 1-terpineol | 0.17 ± 0.01 | Std |
20.288 | 1139 | 1139 | trans-ß-dihydro-terpineol | 0.40 ± 0.05 | MS-RI |
20.393 | 1146 | 1149 | camphor | 0.15 ± 0.01 | Std |
21.368 | 1177 | 1172 | terpinene-4-ol | 0.33 ± 0.02 | Std |
21.751 | 1189 | 1188 | α-terpineol | 2.84 ± 0.10 | MS-RI |
21.954 | 1194 | 1192 | dihydrocarveol | 0.94 ± 0.07 | MS-RI |
23.355 | 1243 | 1242 | carvone | 0.29 ± 0.02 | Std |
23.529 | 1267 | 1263 | geranial | 2.32 ± 0.07 | Std |
24.397 | 1349 | 1350 | terpinyl acetate | 0.12 ± 0.01 | MS-RI |
30.077 | 1495 | 1493 | methyl-isoeugenol | 1.18 ± 0.04 | MS-RI |
Total | 95.77 |
mg/mL—Time Points | MEO |
---|---|
2 (60 min) | 36.2 ± 9.3 |
1 (60 min) | 28.7 ± 5.0 |
0.5 (60 min) | 18.9 ± 3.6 |
0.2 (60 min) | 1.3 ± 0.7 |
0.1 (60 min) | 0.4 ± 0.8 |
2 (180 min) | 39.1 ± 9.9 |
1 (180 min) | 33.0 ± 8.6 |
0.5 (180 min) | 24.1 ± 9.4 |
0.2 (180 min) | 1.3 ± 2.3 |
0.1 (180 min) | 0.2 ± 0.9 |
2 (300 min) | 40.7 ± 8.8 |
1 (300 min) | 34.1 ± 8.7 |
0.5 (300 min) | 26.3 ± 1.6 |
0.2 (300 min) | 1.4 ± 0.6 |
0.1 (300 min) | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
Compound | EC50 (nM) | CC50 (nM) |
Remdesivir | 0.003 | 9.662 |
Nirmatrelvir | 1.243 | 337.9 |
Compound | EC50 (mg/mL) | CC50 (mg/mL) |
MEO | 0.1204 | 4.197 |
Compound | EC50 (uM) | CC50 (nM) |
Remdesivir | 0.021 | 9.662 |
Nirmatrelvir | 0.012 | 337.9 |
Compound | EC50 (mg/mL) | CC50 (mg/mL) |
MEO | 1.405 | 4.197 |
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Li, D.-Y.; Donadu, M.G.; Shue, T.; Dangas, G.; Athanasiadis, A.; Lan, S.; Wen, X.; Battah, B.; Zanetti, S.; Mazzarello, V.; et al. Myrtus communis L. Essential Oil Exhibits Antiviral Activity against Coronaviruses. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091189
Li D-Y, Donadu MG, Shue T, Dangas G, Athanasiadis A, Lan S, Wen X, Battah B, Zanetti S, Mazzarello V, et al. Myrtus communis L. Essential Oil Exhibits Antiviral Activity against Coronaviruses. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(9):1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091189
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Dar-Yin, Matthew G. Donadu, Taylor Shue, Georgios Dangas, Antonis Athanasiadis, Shuiyun Lan, Xin Wen, Basem Battah, Stefania Zanetti, Vittorio Mazzarello, and et al. 2024. "Myrtus communis L. Essential Oil Exhibits Antiviral Activity against Coronaviruses" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 9: 1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091189