Adjunctive Therapy with Chinese Herbal Medicine Lowers Risk of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Results from a Cohort-Based Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Data Source
4.2. Underlying Cohort Establishment
4.3. Ascertainment of Case and Control Groups
4.4. Identification of CHM Exposure
4.5. Measurement of Covariates
4.6. Evaluation of Data
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Number (%) | Cases | Controls | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 4516 (%) | n = 9032 (%) | |||
Age (years) | 0.79 | |||
≤50 | 3052 | 1011 (22.4) | 2041 (22.6) | |
>50 | 10,496 | 3505 (77.6) | 6991 (77.4) | |
Mean (SD) | 57.5 | 57.6 (9.0) | 57.4 (7.3) | 0.61 |
Sex | 0.99 | |||
Female | 6651 (49.1) | 2217 (49.1) | 4434 (49.1) | |
Male | 6897 (50.9) | 2299 (50.9) | 4598 (50.9) | |
Monthly income | 0.89 | |||
Low | 5001 (36.9) | 1655 (36.6) | 3346 (37.0) | |
Median | 7710 (56.9) | 2579 (57.1) | 5131 (56.8) | |
High | 837 (6.2) | 282 (6.2) | 555 (6.1) | |
Residential area | 0.21 | |||
Urban | 7834 (57.8) | 2622 (58.1) | 5212 (57.7) | |
Suburban | 2028 (15.0) | 643 (14.2) | 1385 (15.3) | |
Rural | 3686 (27.2) | 1251 (27.7) | 2435 (27.0) | |
CCI | 6.4 (8.1) | 6.5 (8.1) | 6.3 (8.2) | 0.33 |
CHM Exposure | Patients | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR * (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases n = 4516 | Controls n = 9032 | |||||
Non-CHM Users | 3184 | 70.5 | 5851 | 64.8 | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 1332 | 29.5 | 3181 | 35.2 | 0.76 (0.71–0.83) | 0.75 (0.70–0.83) |
Group 1 (31 days–1 year) | 1138 | 25.2 | 2622 | 29.0 | 0.80 (0.74–0.87) | 0.79 (0.73–0.86) |
Group 2 (1–2 years) | 123 | 2.7 | 348 | 3.9 | 0.65 (0.53–0.80) | 0.64 (0.52–0.80) |
Group 3 (more than 2 years) | 71 | 1.6 | 211 | 2.3 | 0.60 (0.47–0.81) | 0.58 (0.47–0.79) |
Variables | Patients, n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Female | |||
Non-CHM users | 1515 (68.3) | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 702 (31.7) | 0.68 (0.62–0.76) | 0.66 (0.60–0.74) * |
Male | |||
Non-CHM users | 1669 (72.6) | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 630 (27.4) | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.86 (0.76–0.95) * |
Aged ≤ 50 years | |||
Non-CHM users | 685 (67.8) | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 326 (32.2) | 0.70 (0.60–0.83) | 0.69 (0.58–0.81) † |
Aged > 50 years | |||
Non-CHM users | 2499 (71.3) | 1 | 1 |
CHM users | 1006 (28.7) | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) † |
Chinese Herbal Product | Ingredients or Generic Name | Functional Classification |
---|---|---|
Single-herb products | ||
Yan-Hu-Suo | Corydalis yanhusuo | Used to treat Qi stagnation, blood stasis, chest pain, abdominal pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and postpartum stasis |
Da-Shen | Salvia bowleyana | Invigorates the blood and dispels stasis: for a wide variety of blood stasis disorders in any part of the body. Most commonly used for problems affecting the lower abdomen, chest, or hypochondria. |
Tian-Hua-Fen | Radix Trichosanthis | Its functions are to clear lung heat, dissolve phlegm, relieve toxicity, and expel pus. |
Bei-Mu | Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus | Eliminate phlegm by cooling, moisten lung to arrest cough, and remove stasis to reduce swelling |
Ge-Gen | Kudzu Root | Acts to expel pathogenic factors in the muscles to clear heat, vent rashes and nourish the fluids to stop thirst. It also works to raise Yang-Qi and alleviate diarrhoea. |
Huang-Qin | Scutellaria baicalensis | As an adjuvant therapy of inflammation, diabetes, hypertension, different kinds of cancer and virus related diseases. |
Mai-Dong | Ophiopogon Root | Nourish yin deficiency, promote body fluid production, nourish the lungs, relieve the mind, and eliminate heart fire. |
Shyuan-Shen | Scrophularia ningpoensis | Clearing away heat and cooling blood, nourishing Yin and reducing fire, detoxicating and resolving a mass. |
Jie-Geng | Radix Platycodi | It supports respiratory health and benefits the throat. Jie Geng contains anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, expectorant and immune boosting properties. |
Hai-Piao-Xiao | Endoconcha Sepiae Os Sepiae seu Sepiellae | Controlling acidity, harmonizing the stomach, and alleviating pain |
Chuanniuxi | Cyathula Root | Activates blood, eliminates stasis. Strengthens tendons and bones. Promotes urination, treats dysuria. |
Multi-herb products | ||
Shu-Jing-Huo-Xie-Tang | Tang-kuei root, White peony root, Corydalis root, Chin-chiu, Cnidium root, Raw rehmannia root, Peach kernel, Hoelen fungus, Atractylodes root, Citrus peel, Notopterygium root, Fragrant angelica, Scabrous gentiana root, Fang feng root, Achyranthes root, Ginger root, Chinese licorice root | Clears Heat, cools the blood, nourishes Yin and generates fluids. Breaks up blood stasis and invigorates blood circulation. Strongly dries dampness, tonifies the spleen, induces sweating and expels wind-aampness. Promotes urination and leaches out dampness. |
Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San | Bupleurum Root, Chinese Angelica Root, White Peony Root, White Atractylodes Rhizome, Poria, Licorice Root, Moutan Bark, Gardenia Fruit, Mint Herb, Ginger | To treat functional dyspepsia. |
Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang | Rx. Paeoniae Alba, Rx. Glycyrrhizae Preparata Paeonia lactiflora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis | Antioxidative and antiaggregation effect |
Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan | Rehmannia Root, Fructus Corni, Dioscorea Rhizome, Alisma Rhizome, Moutan cortex, Poria cocos. | Liver and kidney yin dificiencies, soreness and weakness of the lower back and knees, dizziness, parched mouth and sore throat, heel pain. Enriches the yin and nourishes the kidneys. |
Ge-Gen-Tang | Puerariae radix (Pueraria lobata Ohwi), Ephedrae Herba (Ephedra sinica Stapf), Cinnamomi Ramulus (Cinnamomum cassia Blume), Paeoniae Radix (Paeonia lactiflora Pallas), Glycyrrhizae Radix preparata (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer), Zingiberis Rhizoma (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), and Zizyphi Fructus (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. inermis Rehder) | Induces sweating to release the exterior symptoms and dispel Wind-Cold. It is indicated for stiff neck, headache, muscle aches, alternating chills and fever, sneezing, cough, nasal congestion, runny nose. |
Ji-Sheng-Shen-Qi-Wan | Rehmannia Root, Fructus Corni, Dioscorea Rhizome, Alisma Rhizome, Moutan cortex, Poria cocos, Roasted Aconite, Cinnamon Bark, Achyranthes bidentata, Semen Plantaginis. | Kidney yang deficiency, lower backache, urinary difficulties./Warms and tonifies kidney yang, regulates water and relieves edema. |
Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang | Herba Ephedrae, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Radix et Rhizoma Asari, Rhizoma Pinellia, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, and Radix paeoniae alba. | Used to treat bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. |
Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang | Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Angelica sinensis Diels, radix, Citrus aurantium L., fructus, Bupleurum chinense DC., radix, Carthamus tinctorius L., flos, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., radix and rhizome, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., rhizome, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., radix, Prunus persica Stokes, semen, Platycodon grandifloras, A. DC., radix, Rehmannia glutinosa, Libosch., radix | Invigorate Blood; Expel Blood Stasis; Move Qi; Stop Pain |
Chuan-Xiong-Cha-Tiao-San | Radix Chuanxiong, Herba Schizonepetae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Herba Menthae, Radix et Rhizoma Asari | Dispels wind and clears away heat. It is used for headache, migraine, or headache on the top, aversion to cold and fever, dizziness, nasal obstruction |
Ping-Wei-San | Atractylodes lancea rhizome, Magnolia officinalis bark, Citrus reticulata peel, Glycyrrhiza uralensis root, Zingiber officinale rhizome, Ziziphus jujuba fruit | For gastroenteritis, intestinal obstruction, coronary artery disease and peptic ulcer |
Ban-Xia-Xie-Xin-Tang | Pinellia ternate, Makino, Panax ginseng, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Coptis chinensis Franch., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Ziziphus jujuba Mill. | Treating metabolic diseases, such as nonalcohol fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. |
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Share and Cite
Huang, H.-J.; Livneh, H.; Yen, C.-T.; Lu, M.-C.; Chen, W.-J.; Tsai, T.-Y. Adjunctive Therapy with Chinese Herbal Medicine Lowers Risk of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Results from a Cohort-Based Case-Control Study. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091191
Huang H-J, Livneh H, Yen C-T, Lu M-C, Chen W-J, Tsai T-Y. Adjunctive Therapy with Chinese Herbal Medicine Lowers Risk of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Results from a Cohort-Based Case-Control Study. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(9):1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091191
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Hui-Ju, Hanoch Livneh, Chieh-Tsung Yen, Ming-Chi Lu, Wei-Jen Chen, and Tzung-Yi Tsai. 2024. "Adjunctive Therapy with Chinese Herbal Medicine Lowers Risk of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Results from a Cohort-Based Case-Control Study" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 9: 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091191