Bixin Combined with Metformin Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Antioxidant Defenses in Obese Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physiological and Biochemical Parameters
2.2. Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity
2.3. Biomarkers of Glycoxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defenses in Plasma
2.4. Biomarkers of Glycoxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defenses in the Liver
2.5. Biomarkers of Glycoxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defenses in the Kidneys
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of the Nanostructured Lipid System
4.2. Animal Model—Induction of Obesity/Insulin Resistance and Experiment Conclusion
4.3. Analysis of Plasma Biochemical Markers
4.4. Analysis of Glycoxidative Stress Biomarkers
4.5. Analysis of Endogenous Antioxidant Defenses
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Groups | C | H | V | M | B1 | B2 | MB1 | MB2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | 59.5 ± 1.0 | 64.1 ± 1.9 | 58.3 ± 2.2 | 57.4 ± 1.8 | 57.2 ± 1.6 | 57.5 ± 1.8 | 55.0 ± 1.8 b | 57.9 ± 2.2 |
Kidneys | 9.2 ± 0.6 | 10.4 ± 0.7 | 9.7 ± 0.7 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 9.4 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 0.7 | 9.1 ± 0.4 | 6.7 ± 0.3 |
Heart | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.2 |
Muscles (gastrocnemius) | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.1 |
WAT (epididymal) | 26.7 ± 1.5 | 66.4 ± 5.3 a | 54.6 ± 3.8 a,b | 41.2 ± 5.0 b | 37.4 ± 2.9 b | 43.3 ± 4.0 b | 44.2 ± 4.8 a,b | 42.1 ± 3.2 b |
BAT (interscapular) | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.2 a | 2.9 ± 0.1 a | 3.2 ± 0.2 a | 3.2 ± 0.2 a | 3.1 ± 0.2 a |
Groups | C | H | V | M | B1 | B2 | MB1 | MB2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 53.4 ± 7.1 | 41.3 ± 8.4 a | 41.6 ± 5.5 a | 38.6 ± 10.1 a | 38.1 ± 8.0 a | 39.8 ± 5.3 a | 39.4 ± 10.5 a | 39.5 ± 6.2 a |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 98.3 ± 3.3 | 135.6 ± 15.8 a | 131.2 ± 19.4 a | 107.3 ± 14.1 b | 113.3 ± 9.6 b | 112.3 ± 14.1 b | 108.5 ± 8.7 b | 116.0 ± 9.4 b |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 79.3 ± 2.5 | 108.3 ± 15.1 a | 99.8 ± 7.5 a | 89.7 ± 14.4 b | 94.2 ± 2.8 | 94.0 ± 8.3 | 90.1 ± 6.6 b | 90.8 ± 12.2 b |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.16 ± 0.003 | 0.15 ± 0.002 | 0.16 ± 0.004 | 0.15 ± 0.003 | 0.16 ± 0.011 | 0.16 ± 0.003 | 0.16 ± 0.003 | 0.15 ± 0.003 |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.09 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.4 ± 0.07 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 2.1 ± 0.02 | 2.1 ± 0.03 | 2.1 ± 0.03 | 2.1 ± 0.04 | 2.1 ± 0.03 | 2.1 ± 0.02 | 2.1 ± 0.03 | 2.1 ± 0.03 |
ALT (U/L) | 24.8 ± 2.3 | 28.4 ± 4.4 | 27.3 ± 2.4 | 21.4 ± 2.4 | 24.4 ± 1.6 | 21.5 ± 3.1 | 24.1 ± 2.5 | 23.0 ± 4.0 |
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Pinheiro, C.G.; Motta, B.P.; Oliveira, J.O.; Cardoso, F.N.; Figueiredo, I.D.; Machado, R.T.A.; da Silva, P.B.; Chorilli, M.; Brunetti, I.L.; Baviera, A.M. Bixin Combined with Metformin Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Antioxidant Defenses in Obese Mice. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091202
Pinheiro CG, Motta BP, Oliveira JO, Cardoso FN, Figueiredo ID, Machado RTA, da Silva PB, Chorilli M, Brunetti IL, Baviera AM. Bixin Combined with Metformin Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Antioxidant Defenses in Obese Mice. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(9):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091202
Chicago/Turabian StylePinheiro, Camila Graça, Bruno Pereira Motta, Juliana Oriel Oliveira, Felipe Nunes Cardoso, Ingrid Delbone Figueiredo, Rachel Temperani Amaral Machado, Patrícia Bento da Silva, Marlus Chorilli, Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti, and Amanda Martins Baviera. 2024. "Bixin Combined with Metformin Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Antioxidant Defenses in Obese Mice" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 9: 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091202