Multiple Facets of cAMP Signalling and Physiological Impact: cAMP Compartmentalization in the Lung
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Spatio-Temporal Nature of Compartmentalized cAMP Signalling: Paradigm Shifts
Epac | PKA | AKAP | PDE | AC | small GTPases | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bronchial epithelium | Epac1 [128] Epac 1 & 2 [129] | PKA [29] | AKAP9 [130] | ++ PDE4, PDE1 [131,132] +- PDE3, PDE5 [131,132] PDE4D [133] PDE3A [134] PDE7A1&2 [135] | AC9 [136,137] AC1, 4, 7, 8 [138] sAC [139] | Rap [140,141,142] Rac [29,141,142,143,144,145] Rap1 [129,143] Rap2 |
Vascular endothelium | Epac1 [146,147,148,149] | PKA [147] | AKAP9 [149] Gravin [150] | PDE4D [22,147,151] PDE4 [135] PDE3 [135] | Membrane bound [2] Soluble AC [2] AC2, 3, 5, 6 [138] | Rap [143,146,147,149,152] Rac [146,147,152,153,154,155,156,157] Rac1 [158] RRas [147,159] |
Airway smooth muscle cells | Epac1 [95,107,129] Epac2 [95,107,129] | PKA [107] | AKAP5, 9, 12 [160] Gravin, ezrin [117,150] | PDE1C, 3, 5A, 7 [135,161] PDE7A1&2 [135] | 7 membrane bound subtypes [118] 1, 3-7, 9 [115] 2, 6, 7, 9 [113] | RhoA [87] Rac1 [87] Rap1 [95] Rap2 [95] |
Vascular smooth muscle cells | Epac1 [162] Epac2 [162] | PKA [162] | AKAP12 [163] | PDE1(C), 3(A), 5 [135] PDE7A1&2 [135] 1A, 1C, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 5A, 7A, 7B, 8A, 9A, 9B, 10A and 11A [164] | AC1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 [165] 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 [138] | Rap1 [166] Rac1 [167] RhoA [168, 169] |
Pulmonary fibroblasts | Epac [72] Epac1 [170] Epac2* [170] *only mRNA not protein | PKA [122] | AKAP9 [122] | PDE4A, B, D [119] 3A&B, 4A5, 4B2, 4C1, 4D3, 7 [171] | 6 membrane bound subtypes [118] | Rho A [172] Rac1 [172] Rac2 [172] Rap1 [173] |
Inflammatory cells | Epac1 [109] | PKA [109] | Ezrin [174] AKAP9 [175] | PDE4B2 [176] PDE1B, 3A, 7A1, 2, 3 [135] 7A1&7A2 [177] | AC [178] 1, 2, 6, 9 [179] 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, sAC [180] sAC [181] | Rap [182] Ras [182] Rac1 [183] Rho [183] |
3. Cellular Diversity in cAMP Responses: Compartmentalization?
4. Regulation of Epithelial Barrier Function: Tight Junctions versus Adherens Junctions
5. Novel Aspects of Barrier Functioning
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflict of interest
References
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Oldenburger, A.; Maarsingh, H.; Schmidt, M. Multiple Facets of cAMP Signalling and Physiological Impact: cAMP Compartmentalization in the Lung. Pharmaceuticals 2012, 5, 1291-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5121291
Oldenburger A, Maarsingh H, Schmidt M. Multiple Facets of cAMP Signalling and Physiological Impact: cAMP Compartmentalization in the Lung. Pharmaceuticals. 2012; 5(12):1291-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5121291
Chicago/Turabian StyleOldenburger, Anouk, Harm Maarsingh, and Martina Schmidt. 2012. "Multiple Facets of cAMP Signalling and Physiological Impact: cAMP Compartmentalization in the Lung" Pharmaceuticals 5, no. 12: 1291-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5121291