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Article

Saussurea lappa Exhibits Anti-Oncogenic Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HepG2 Cancer Cell Line by Bcl-2 Mediated Apoptotic Pathway and Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Release

by
Amal A. Alotaibi
1,
Asmatanzeem Bepari
1,*,
Rasha Assad Assiri
1,
Shaik Kalimulla Niazi
2,*,
Sreenivasa Nayaka
3,
Muthuraj Rudrappa
3,
Shashiraj Kareyellapa Nagaraja
3 and
Meghashyama Prabhakara Bhat
3
1
Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Preparatory Health Sciences, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 12611, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2021, 43(2), 1114-1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb43020079
Submission received: 15 August 2021 / Revised: 2 September 2021 / Accepted: 3 September 2021 / Published: 8 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Topic Cancer Biology and Therapy)
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Abstract

Background and Objectives: Saussurea lappa (S. lappa) is an important species of the Asteraceae family with several purposes in traditional medicine. This study intended to explore the cytotoxic effect of S. lappa on HepG2 cancer cell proliferation. Materials and Methods: The effects of an S. lappa n-butanol extract on the induction of apoptosis were investigated by flow cytometry and mitochondrial cytochrome C-releasing apoptosis assay. Additionally, real-time PCR was employed to confirm apoptosis initiation. Further, qualitative estimation of the active constituent of S. lappa was done by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Results: The cell viability study revealed that the n-butanol extract of S. lappa demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 56.76 μg/mL. Cell morphology with dual staining of acridine orange (AO)-ethidium bromide (EB) showed an increase in orange/red nuclei due to cell death by S. lappa n-butanol extract compared to control cells. Apoptosis, as the mode of cell death, was also confirmed by the higher release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, the increased expression of caspase-3 and bax, along with down regulation of Bcl-2. Conclusion: These findings conclude that S. lappa is a cause of hepatic cancer cell death through apoptosis and a potential natural source suggesting furthermore investigation of its active compounds that are responsible for these observed activities.
Keywords: Saussurea lappa; HepG2; anticancer; apoptosis; cytochrome C release; Bcl-2 Saussurea lappa; HepG2; anticancer; apoptosis; cytochrome C release; Bcl-2

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alotaibi, A.A.; Bepari, A.; Assiri, R.A.; Niazi, S.K.; Nayaka, S.; Rudrappa, M.; Nagaraja, S.K.; Bhat, M.P. Saussurea lappa Exhibits Anti-Oncogenic Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HepG2 Cancer Cell Line by Bcl-2 Mediated Apoptotic Pathway and Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Release. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2021, 43, 1114-1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb43020079

AMA Style

Alotaibi AA, Bepari A, Assiri RA, Niazi SK, Nayaka S, Rudrappa M, Nagaraja SK, Bhat MP. Saussurea lappa Exhibits Anti-Oncogenic Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HepG2 Cancer Cell Line by Bcl-2 Mediated Apoptotic Pathway and Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Release. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2021; 43(2):1114-1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb43020079

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alotaibi, Amal A., Asmatanzeem Bepari, Rasha Assad Assiri, Shaik Kalimulla Niazi, Sreenivasa Nayaka, Muthuraj Rudrappa, Shashiraj Kareyellapa Nagaraja, and Meghashyama Prabhakara Bhat. 2021. "Saussurea lappa Exhibits Anti-Oncogenic Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HepG2 Cancer Cell Line by Bcl-2 Mediated Apoptotic Pathway and Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Release" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 43, no. 2: 1114-1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb43020079

APA Style

Alotaibi, A. A., Bepari, A., Assiri, R. A., Niazi, S. K., Nayaka, S., Rudrappa, M., Nagaraja, S. K., & Bhat, M. P. (2021). Saussurea lappa Exhibits Anti-Oncogenic Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HepG2 Cancer Cell Line by Bcl-2 Mediated Apoptotic Pathway and Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Release. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 43(2), 1114-1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb43020079

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