Preliminary Study on the Restoration of the Phospholipid Profile in Serum from Patients with COVID-19 by Treatment with Vitamin E
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materialesand Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Population of this Study
2.3. Healthy Subjects
2.4. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by a Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
2.5. Peripheral Blood Samples
2.6. Determination of Markers of Lipid Peroxidation
2.7. 8-Isoprostane, TXB2, PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1α, and IL-6 Determinations
2.8. Vitamin E Quantification in Serum
2.9. Total Fatty Acid (TFA) Determination
2.10. Fatty Acid Analysis in an Acetone Insoluble Phospholipid Fraction (FAAIPF) Determination in Serum
2.11. Total Phospholipids (TPLs)
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Patients with COVID-19
3.2. Blood Biochemical Characteristics of the Healthy Subjects and COVID-19 Patients
3.3. Vit E and Total Phospholipids
3.4. Total Fatty Acids and Fatty Acids in an Acetone Insoluble Phospholipid Fraction (FAAIPF) in Serum
3.5. Prostaglandins and Interleukin Concentration
3.6. Lipid Peroxidation and 8-Isoprostene
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. Perspectives
5.2. Study Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Median and Min–Max Range |
---|---|
Edad | 55 (31–88) |
Género | 3 mujeres y 19 hombres |
IMC | 28 (20–38) |
Comorbidity number and (%) | |
Diabetes mellitus | 6 (27) |
Hipertensión | 3 (14) |
Dislipidemia | 10 (46) |
Peso normal | 5 (23) |
Exceso de peso | 9 (41) |
Obesidad mórbida | 8 (36) |
Gasometry and blood biochemistry median and min–max range | |
PaO2 | 72 (47–233) |
OCP 2 | 32 (26–60) |
PaO2 / FiO2 ( mmHg ) | 126 (50–318) |
SPO2/FiO2 (mmHg) | 144 (67–320) |
HR bpm | 85 (20–115) |
MAP (mmHg) | 74 (61–99) |
Temperature | 36 (35–38) |
BUN | 18.4 (8.6–40.9) |
Leukocytes 103/µL | 9.5 (4.4–17.3) |
Lymphocytes 103/µL | 6.5 (0.20–1.1) |
Platelets 103/µL | 226 (97–529) |
Ferritin ng/m | 586 (189–1443) |
D-dimer ng/dL | 1040 (440–13,100) |
N/L | 12 (4–50) |
Procalcitonin ng/dL | 0.10 (0.02–10.7) |
Median and Min–Max range | |
SOFA | 1 (0–8) |
APACHE II | 5.5 (3–8) |
SAPS | 28 (15–32) |
Glasgow | 15 (12–15) |
CORADS | 4 (3–5) |
COVID GRAM | 119 (76–175) |
HS (n = 23) Median Min-Max Range | COVID-19 (n = 22) Median Min-Max Range | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 60 (27–87) | 55 (31–88) | NS |
Women | 8 (35) | 3 (14) | NS |
Men | 15 (55) | 19 (86) | NS |
Blood biochemical (mg/dL) | |||
Glucose | 99 (32–199) | 120 (81–330) | 0.006 |
C2+ | 9.1 (8.4–9.7) | 9.2 (7.9–10.10) | NS |
Uric acid | 6.6 (2.9–9.6) | 4.7 (1.5–8.07) | 0.01 |
Creatinine | 0.83 (0.60–1.20) | 0.90 (0.50–1.70) | NS |
CT | 165 (97–276) | 134 (94–189) | 0.01 |
HDL | 37 (20–54) | 34.7 (22.3–47.9) | NS |
LDL | 92 (30–148) | 70.3 (38.9–129.7) | 0.01 |
TG | 115 (67–389) | 122 (70–249) | NS |
Variables | HSs | COVID-19 Patients Median (Min–Max) | COVID-19 Patients + Vit E Median (Min–Max) |
---|---|---|---|
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 98.5 (7.8–637.6) *** | 7.8 (7.8–547.7) * |
CRP (mg/dL) | 1.8 (0.2–35.0) | 177 (4.1–384.7) *** | 49 (1.8–173.5) * |
Fatty Acid (%) | HSs | COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19 Patients + Vit E |
---|---|---|---|
C16:0 | 28.8 ± 1.5 | 24.9 ± 1.4 * | 20.9 ± 1.3 |
C16:1 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.2 *** | 4.0 ± 0.3 * |
C18:0 | 12.0 ± 1.3 | 8.4 ± 0.4 * | 9.1 ± 0.7 |
C18:1n-9 | 20.8 ± 0.8 | 26.9 ± 1.0 *** | 24.9 ± 1.4 |
C18:2n-6 | 23.1 ± 1.3 | 22.8 ± 1.1 | 21.3 ± 2.0 |
γ-C18:3n-6 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 1.9 ** |
α-C18:3n-6 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 3.2 ± 0.6 * |
C20:3n-6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.8 ± 0.4 ** |
C20:4n-6 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.8 |
C20:5n-3 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.4 § |
C22:6n-3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.6 ** |
Total fatty acid mg/mL in the serum | |||
2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.4 § | 2.0 ± 0.3 § |
Fatty Acid (%) | HSs | COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19 Patients + Vit E |
---|---|---|---|
SFA | 39.11 ± 2.20 | 32.69 ± 1.38 ** | 29.52 ± 1.45 |
MUFA | 24.61 ± 0.76 | 30.04 ± 1.10 ** | 28.89 ± 1.25 |
PUFA (n-3) | 30.27 ± 1.93 | 30.19 ± 1.12 | 33.82 ± 2.82 § |
PUFA (n-6) | 5.77 ± 1.16 | 5.36 ± 1.06 | 9.52 ± 1.07 * |
Desaturation Index | HSs | COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19 Patients + Vit E |
---|---|---|---|
C16:1n-7/C16:0 (∆9) | 0.15 ± 0.008 | 0.13 ± 0.01 * | 0.19 ± 0.01 |
C18:1n-9/C18:0 (∆9) | 1.90 ± 0.10 | 3.36 ± 0.23 *** | 2.97 ± 0.23 |
γ-C18:3n-6/C18:2n-6 (∆6) | 3.02 ± 0.37 | 7.16 ± 2.01 ** | 2.29 ± 0.30 * |
C20:4n-6/C20:3n-6 (∆5) | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.62 ± 0.12 | 1.04 ± 0.19 ** |
C22:6n-3/C20:5n-3 (∆5) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.18 § |
Fatty Acid (%) | HSs | COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19 Patients + Vit E |
---|---|---|---|
C16:0 | 21.5 ± 1.2 | 28.4 ± 1.8 *** | 23.6 ± 1.1 ** |
C16:1 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.4 |
C18:0 | 7.8 ± 0.6 | 10.0 ± 0.6 * | 9.8 ± 0.4 |
C18:1n-9 | 23.1 ± 1.3 | 20.0 ± 1.0 § | 17.7 ± 0.8 |
C18:2n-6 | 31.2 ± 1.2 | 20.4 ± 1.1 *** | 21.9 ± 0.9 |
γ-C18:3n-6 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
α-C18:3n-3 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.9 |
C20:3n-6 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.2 § | 2.0 ± 0.6 * |
C20:4n-6 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 7.4 ± 1.8 |
C20:5n-3 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.9 * |
C22:6n-3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 1.0 * |
Fatty Acid (%) | HSs | COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19 Patients + Vit E |
---|---|---|---|
SFA | 28.9 ± 0.9 | 38.4 ± 1.8 *** | 33.4 ± 1.4 § |
MUFA | 26.5 ± 1.2 | 24.2 ± 1.0 | 22.2 ± 0.8 |
PUFA (n-3) | 39.6 ± 1.0 | 31.8 ± 1.3 *** | 32.8 ± 1.4 § |
PUFA (n-6) | 4.9 ± 1.5 | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 11.5 ± 2.0 * |
Desaturation Index | HSs | COVID-19 Patients | COVID-19 Patients + Vit E |
---|---|---|---|
C16:1n-7/C16:0 (∆9) | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.01 |
C18:1n-9/C18:0 (∆9) | 3.43 ± 0.37 | 2.13 ± 0.17 * | 1.85 ± 0.12 |
γ-C18:3n-6/C18:2n-6 (∆6) | 3.17 ± 0.72 | 4.00 ± 0.85 | 4.44 ± 0.89 |
C20:4n-6/C20:3n-6 (∆5) | 0.28 ± 0.10 | 0.57 ± 0.24 | 0.68 ± 0.19 § |
C22:6n-3/C20:5n-3 (∆5) | 0.03± 0.007 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 * |
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Soto, M.E.; Manzano-Pech, L.; Guarner-Lans, V.; Palacios-Chavarría, A.; Valdez-Vázquez, R.R.; Martínez-Memije, R.; El-Hafidi, M.; Rodríguez-Fierros, F.L.; Pérez-Torres, I. Preliminary Study on the Restoration of the Phospholipid Profile in Serum from Patients with COVID-19 by Treatment with Vitamin E. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 7219-7238. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46070429
Soto ME, Manzano-Pech L, Guarner-Lans V, Palacios-Chavarría A, Valdez-Vázquez RR, Martínez-Memije R, El-Hafidi M, Rodríguez-Fierros FL, Pérez-Torres I. Preliminary Study on the Restoration of the Phospholipid Profile in Serum from Patients with COVID-19 by Treatment with Vitamin E. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(7):7219-7238. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46070429
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoto, María Elena, Linaloe Manzano-Pech, Verónica Guarner-Lans, Adrían Palacios-Chavarría, Rafael Ricardo Valdez-Vázquez, Raúl Martínez-Memije, Mohammed El-Hafidi, Félix Leao Rodríguez-Fierros, and Israel Pérez-Torres. 2024. "Preliminary Study on the Restoration of the Phospholipid Profile in Serum from Patients with COVID-19 by Treatment with Vitamin E" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 7: 7219-7238. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46070429