Astragalus membranaceus, Nigella sativa, and Perilla frutescens as Immunomodulators—Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Effectiveness in Allergic Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Botanical Characteristics and Phytochemical Composition of A. membranaceus, N. sativa, and P. frutescens
4. Anti-Allergic Activity of Astragalus membranaceus
5. Anti-Allergic Activity of Nigella sativa
6. Anti-Allergic Activity of Perilla frutescens
7. Toxicological Studies
8. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Binomial Plant Name | Synonyms [32,33,34] | Vernacular Names [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42] | |
---|---|---|---|
Language | Name | ||
Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge | Astragalus mongholicus Bunge | English | Astragalus, Mongolian milkvetch, Membranous milk vetch |
German | Chinesischer tragant, Mogul tragant, Türkistan tragant | ||
French | Astragale, Astragale de Mongolie | ||
Italian | Astragalo | ||
Mongolian | Khunchir | ||
Chinese | Huáng huā huáng qí, Huáng qí, Běi qí | ||
Korean | Hwanggi | ||
Nigella sativa L. | Nigella cretica Mill. Nigella glandulifera Freyn & Sint ex Freyn Nigella indica Roxb. ex Flem. Nigella truncata Viv. | English | Nigella, black caraway, black seed, black cumin, fennel flower, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, black onion seed |
German | Schwarzkummel | ||
French | Nigelle, cheveux de Venus, poivrette | ||
Italian | Cumino nero, seme benedetto | ||
Arabic | Habba Al-Sauda, habba Al-Barakah | ||
Turkish | Cork | ||
Persian | Siyah danech | ||
Indian | Kalarija, kalonji | ||
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. | Melissa cretica [Soland.] Ocimum frutescens L. Perilla frutescens var. laviniata W.Mill. & L.H.Bailey Perilla ocymoides L. Perilla ocymoides f. discolor Makino Perilla ocymoides f. purpurea Makino Perilla ocymoides f. viridicrispa Makino Perilla ocymoides f. viridis Makino Perilla ocymoides var. japonica Hassk. Perilla ocymoides var. purpurascens Hayata Perilla urticifolia Salisb. | English | Perilla mint, purple perilla Chinese basil, wild basil, blueweed Joseph’s coat, rattlesnake weed |
German | Sesamblatt, Schwarznessel | ||
French | Sésame sauvage | ||
Italian | Basilico della Cina, shiso | ||
Indian | Bhanjira | ||
Chinese | Ye sheng bai su, bai su, nan su, qing ye su, zǐsū | ||
Thai | Nga mon, nga khi mon | ||
Japanese | Shiso, egoma | ||
Korean | Deulkkae, kkaennip |
Type of Herbal Drug | Experimental Model | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Astragalus polysaccharides | OVA-induced asthmatic mice 100 mg/kg | Promoted therapeutic activity of budesonide Reduced the number of dendritic cells Reduced levels of IL-4 and IL-10 Increased Treg cells | [56] |
A. membranaceus extract | OVA-induced asthmatic mice 100 mg/kg | Reduced plasma IgE and pulmonary Th2-related cytokines (IL-13 and IL-4) Reduced smooth muscle actin (SMA) in lungs | [57] |
Astragaloside IV | OVA-induced asthmatic mice 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg | Reduced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17 levels and increased INF-γ levels in the BALF Inhibited mTORC1 activity | [58] |
Astragalus polysaccharides | OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mice 5–15 mg/kg, nasal application | Reduced eosinophil infiltration and IL-4 expression in nasal mucosa | [59] |
Astragalus polysaccharides | OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mice 400 mg/kg | Reduced Th2-related cytokines of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 levels in serum and nasal mucosa tissue Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome | [60] |
A. membranaceus dry root | OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mice 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg | Reduced nasal sneezing and rubbing symptoms Decreased eosinophil infiltration in nasal mucosa Decreased IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 | [49]. |
Astragalus polysaccharides | OVA-stimulated and -sensitized guinea pigs to produce allergic rhinitis symptoms 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg | Reduced sneezing and rubbing times of AR guinea pigs Suppressed OVA-sIgE, OVA-sIgG1, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels Increased CD25+Foxp3+Treg cell Down regulation of NF-kB | [61] |
A. membranaceus oral solution (astragaloside A as main compound) | 80 children with allergic asthma 10 mL/day, 6 months | Increased IL-10 Decreased TGF-beta, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6 Increased FEV1 percentage | [62] |
A. membranaceus root extract (40% polysaccharides) | 48 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis 80 mg/day | Decreased intensity of rhinorrhea No change in the specific serum IgE, IgG, and nasal eosinophils | [63] |
Type of Herbal Drug | Experimental Model | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Thymoquinone | OVA-induced allergic rhinitis rat 3 and 10 mg/kg | Reduced IL-4, IgE, TNF-α, and IL-1β Reduced eosinophil filtration and edema | [73] |
N. sativa oil | OVA-induced allergic rhinitis rat 2 mL/kg | Lower frequency of nasal scratching No inflammation was observed | [74] |
N. sativa oil | OVA-challenged and smokeless tobacco exposed rats 4 mL/kg | Reduced IL-4 and NO production | [75] |
N. sativa oil | 68 patients with allergic rhinitis Topical application 2 drops/3 times per day | Relief of allergy symptoms | [76] |
N. sativa oil | 28 children with asthma 15–30 mg/kg as additional therapy | Increased INF-γ Decreased IL-4 No difference in Th1/Th2 ratio | [77] |
N. sativa oil with 0.7% thymoquinone | 80 patients with asthma 500 mg/twice per day | Improvement in mean asthma control test Reduction in blood eosinophils Improved FEV1 | [79] |
N. sativa whole ground seeds | 76 patients with partly controlled asthma 1 and 2 g/day | Increased FEF 25–75% and FEV1 Improved PEF variability; decreased FeNO and serum IgE Increased serum IFN-γ; improved ACT score | [80] |
N. sativa oil | 28 children with asthma 15–30 mg/kg as additional therapy | Decreased Th17; increased Treg percentages Lowered Th17/Treg ratio Improved ACT score | [78] |
Type of Herbal Drug | Experimental Model | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
8-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanon | Japanese Cedar pollen allergens sensitized mice 1.5 mg/day | Suppressed allergic rhinitis symptoms | [47] |
P. frutescens extract | OVA-sensitized asthmatic mice 80, 160, and 320 mg/kg | Reduced asthma symptoms score in a dose- dependent manner Increased amount of air inhaled or exhaled during breathing Reduced levels of expiratory time, airway obstruction index, and frequency of breathing | [86] |
P. frutescens extract + quercetin + vitamin D | 146 children 80 mg + 150 mg + 5 µg as an add-on treatment for rhinitis | Prevention of worsening of clinical rhinitis symptoms | [87]. |
P. frutescens extract + quercetin + vitamin D | 128 children 80 mg + 150 mg + 5 µg as an add-on treatment for rhinitis (4 weeks) and alone (4–12 weeks) | Reduced risk of rhinitis exacerbations Reduced rescue medication use | [88] |
P. frutescens extract + quercetin + vitamin D | 70 patients 80 mg + 150 mg + 5 µg in combination with standard rhinitis topical therapy | Increased effects of standard topical therapy Reduced nasal and ocular symptoms | [89] |
P. frutescens extract + quercetin + vitamin D | 90 patients 80 mg + 150 mg + 5 µg/twice per day in combination with antihistamine and corticosteroid | Reduction in bronchial symptoms Improved asthma control Increased FEV1 Reduced SABA and NC use Reduced nasal eosinophils count | [90] |
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Bival Štefan, M. Astragalus membranaceus, Nigella sativa, and Perilla frutescens as Immunomodulators—Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Effectiveness in Allergic Diseases. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 9016-9032. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080533
Bival Štefan M. Astragalus membranaceus, Nigella sativa, and Perilla frutescens as Immunomodulators—Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Effectiveness in Allergic Diseases. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(8):9016-9032. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080533
Chicago/Turabian StyleBival Štefan, Maja. 2024. "Astragalus membranaceus, Nigella sativa, and Perilla frutescens as Immunomodulators—Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Effectiveness in Allergic Diseases" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 8: 9016-9032. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080533