Effects of Pterostilbene on Cardiovascular Health and Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sources of Pterostilbene
2.1. Natural Sources of Pterostilbene
2.2. Synthesis Methods of Pterostilbene
3. Biological Activities
3.1. Antioxidant Activity
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.3. Anti-Hyperlipidemic Ability
3.4. Anti-Hyperglycemic Ability
3.5. Ability to Resist Abnormal Lesions of VSMCs
3.6. Ability to Protect against Myocardial Infarction
3.7. Ability to Protect against Stroke
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parts of Plants | Source | Content of Pterostilbene | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Heartwood | Red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) | Pterostilbene was first isolated from the heartwood of red sandalwood in 1940 | [3] |
Skin | Grapes (non-UV-induced berries of Chardonnay variety) | ~4.7 μg/g fresh samples | [4] |
Fruit | Rabbit-eye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) | 99–151 ng/g dry samples | [5] |
Fruit | Deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum) | 520 ng/g dry samples | [5] |
Fruit | Blueberry | 9.9–15.1 μg/kg fresh samples | [6] |
Wood | Pterocarpus marsupium | No specific information | [7] |
stem bark | Guibourtia tessmanii | 40 mg/kg dry samples | [8] |
Types | Classification | Pathogenesis |
---|---|---|
Type 1 | Spontaneous MI | Accompanied by atherosclerosis, intraluminal thrombus occurs in coronary arteries, subsequently slowing down blood flow velocity and blocking the vessels, which finally leads to myocyte necrosis [43,44]. |
Type 2 | MI secondary to an ischemic imbalance | There is an imbalance between increasing oxygen demand precipitated by conditions like hypertension and a decreasing supply of oxygen due to coronary artery spasm, arrhythmia, hypotension, etc. [44]. |
Type 3 | MI caused by sudden unexpected cardiac death | Sudden cardiac death (SCD) arises due to acute myocardial ischemia [43]. |
Type 4 and 5 | MI related to revascularization procedures | Whether from percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), patients with periprocedural myocardial injury or infarction may suffer from MI [42]. |
Diseases | Signaling Pathways | Models | Dose | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammation | RAGE/MAPK/NF-κB pathways | RAW264.7 cells induced by AGEs to create oxidative stress and inflammation | 10 μM | [14] |
Inflammation | Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathways | HUVECs induced by TNF-α | 1 μM | [23] |
Atherosclerosis | CAT-PTEN pathways | HFD-fed ApoE−/− mice | 30 mg/kg/d i.g. | [20] |
Atherosclerosis | Nrf2-mediated TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathways | SD rats fed with a 2.5% cholesterol diet | 10 mg/kg/day orally | [24] |
Dyslipidemia | PPAR-α pathways | HFD-fed male golden Syrian hamsters | 25 mg/kg/day orally | [27] |
Dyslipidemia | PPAR-γ pathways | Human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) adipogenic differentiation | 5 μM | [28] |
Apoptosis | Lectin-like ox-LDL receptor1 (LOX-1)-related pathways | HUVECs induced by ox-LDL | 1 mM | [29] |
Diabetes | Nrf2 pathway | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Swiss albino mice | 5 mg/kg i.p. 10 mg/kg i.p. | [19] |
Diabetes | / | Streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced diabetic male albino Wistar rats | 40 mg/kg/day orally | [31] |
Diabetes | Akt pathways | Streptozotocin- and nicotinamide-induced diabetic male albino Wistar rats | 15 mg/kg/day orally (low) 30 mg/kg/day orally (high) | [33] |
Diabetes | Nrf2 pathways | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Swiss albino mice | 10 mg/kg i.p. | [34] |
Lesions of VSMCs | Akt pathways | Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced abnormal proliferation of VSMCs | 1 μM (low) 3 μM (middle) 5 μM (high) | [36] |
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) | KEAP1-Nrf2-STING pathways | Angiotensin II (AngII)-infused ApoE−/− mice | 15 mg/kg/day orally (low) 30 mg/kg/day orally (high) | [38] |
Myocardial infarction (MI) | Nrf2 pathways | Male Wistar rats with ligation and reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction | 100 mg/kg/day orally | [45] |
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury | P38 MAPK and ROS-related pathways | Male Sprague-Dawley rats with MI/R surgery around the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) | 10 mg/kg i.v. 10 min before reperfusion | [50] |
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury | TNF-α and cGMP-related pathways | Male Sprague-Dawley rats with MI/R surgery on left heart | 10 μM i.v. 10 min before reperfusion | [51] |
MI/R and stroke | / | Male Sprague-Dawley rats with MI/R surgery on bilateral carotid artery | 200 mg/kg orally (low) 400 mg/kg orally (high) | [56] |
Inflammation and thrombosis | NF-κB pathways | Platelets activated by collagen | 3 μM (low) 7 μM (high) | [57] |
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Tian, R.; Miao, L.; Cheang, W.-S. Effects of Pterostilbene on Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 9576-9587. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090569
Tian R, Miao L, Cheang W-S. Effects of Pterostilbene on Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(9):9576-9587. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090569
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Rui, Lingchao Miao, and Wai-San Cheang. 2024. "Effects of Pterostilbene on Cardiovascular Health and Disease" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 9: 9576-9587. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090569