1. Introduction
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability in children [
1] and ranges in prevalence from 1.5 to 2.5 per 1000 live births [
2]. It is a lifelong condition and the life expectancy in non-severe cases can be similar to the general population [
3,
4]. Therefore, much emphasis has now been put on the developmental and healthcare transition process from adolescence to adult life and participation [
5,
6,
7,
8,
9]. It has been previously reported that young adults with CP participate less in activities, such as housing, paid work, and intimate and sexual relationships than their able-bodied peers [
9,
10,
11], and in terms of finances and activities, many are dependent on parental support [
12]. Participation has been defined as involvement in a life situation [
13], and for patients with CP, enhancement of participation may lead to a more effective transition to adult life [
14,
15,
16], whereas unemployment, decreased autonomy, and insufficient quality of life may be the consequences of an unsuccessful transition process [
17,
18]. Specific transition rehabilitation programs have been developed in European countries, such as the Netherlands [
19] and the United Kingdom [
20]. To our knowledge, there are no studies that present data about young adults with CP living in post-Soviet countries investigating their level of participation and/or transition process. Historically, healthcare-providing services have not been equally developed between different parts of Europe [
21,
22], and the identification of a specific situation in a concrete region is essential for the development of effective and purposeful rehabilitation programs. The aim of this study was to identify the level of participation in the context of the developmental transition from adolescence to adult life for young adults with CP living in Latvia and the influence of the level of disability, age, and gross motor function on their participation.
3. Results
A total of 225 potential participants were identified and, after the exclusion process, 81 took part in the study. The characteristics, including the functional levels of participants, are presented in
Table 1. The median age for participants was 18 years, 51% were men, and two-thirds of the participants were 18 or more years old. The majority (74%) were highly functional (level I and II) in gross motor function according to the GMFCS. None of the participants were detected for GMFCS level V. A close to maximal or maximal score of the MMSE accounted for 59% of the participants.
Figure 1 shows the percentage distribution of participants’ regarding the transitional phases of each of RTP domain. The results have been divided according to the age of participants <18 years and ≥18 years.
In the age group <18 years, phase 2 was achieved by 11% of the participants (domain: education and employment), 7% (finance), 7% (housing), 26% (leisure (social activities)), 15% (intimate relationships), 4% (sexuality), and 15% (transportation). In the age group ≥18 years, phase 3 was achieved by 9% of the participants (education and employment), 26% (finance), 11% (housing), 57% (leisure (social activities)), 17% (intimate relationships), 24% (sexuality), and 44% (transportation); furthermore, 21% (education and employment), 56% (intimate relationships), and 59% (sexuality) of the participants in this age group were still in phase 0.
Table 2 demonstrates participants’ median values on the WHODAS 2.0 scale and total median scores. The median values are shown with participants being divided into two groups—more functional (GMFCS levels I and II) and less functional (GMFCS levels III and IV)—and for all participants without a division.
To elucidate the interactions between the two tools, we conducted a correlation analysis between RTP participation domains and WHODAS 2.0 disability-measuring domains (
Table 3). The most frequent and strongest correlations with RTP participation domains were found with the WHODAS 2.0 self-care domain, i.e., housing: −0.42, intimate relationships: −0.44, sexuality: −0.46, and transportation: −0.75. The weakest correlations were with the WHODAS 2.0 getting along domain. For all moderate or higher (
rs ≥ |±0.40|) correlations, the significance was
p < 0.001.
To define the influencing factor’s (level of disability) associations with the autonomy level in the RTP domains (level of participation in the context of the transition), a binary regression analysis was performed (
Table 4). The RTP domain was set as the dependent variable and the WHODAS 2.0 domains were set as the independent variables (only those with correlations of moderate or higher strength
rs ≥ |±0.40|).
Logistic binary regression revealed that the WHODAS 2.0 cognition domain had associations with autonomy level in the RTP leisure (social activities) domain, i.e., OR = 8.1, 95% CI = 2.6–24.8. The mobility domain was associated with the RTP domain transportation (OR = 6.9, 95% CI = 2.5–18.7). The self-care domain was associated with two RTP domains—sexuality (OR = 9.4, 95% CI = 1.2–77.0) and transportation (OR = 53.3, 95% CI = 6.7–424.0)—but it did not reach the significance level in the RTP intimate relationships (p = 0.06) domain. The WHODAS 2.0 life activities domain was associated with the autonomy level in the RTP transportation domain (OR = 8.4, 95% CI = 3.0–23.3). The larger the OR, the higher the autonomy in the RTP domains.
Table 5 presents the correlations between the RTP domains and participants’ age and GMFCS level.
Participants’ age had weak correlations with the RTP domains of education and employment (0.26), finance (0.37), housing (0.31), and sexuality (0.28). The GMFCS level correlated with the RTP domains of leisure (social activities) (−0.26), intimate relationships (−0.26), sexuality (−0.31) (weak correlations), and transportation (−0.56) (moderate correlation). For all weak or higher (
rs ≥ |±0.20|) correlations, the significance was, at least,
p < 0.05. Further binary regression analysis was performed to find the influencing factors’ (age and GMFCS level) associations with autonomy level in the RTP domains (
Table 6). The RTP domain was set as a dependent variable, and the age and GMFCS level as independent variables (only those with correlations of weak or higher strength
rs ≥ |±0.20|).
Participants’ age was associated with autonomy in the following RTP domains: education and employment (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.0–5.5), finance (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2–6.5), and housing (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.2–6.5), which had the largest OR value, and on sexuality (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.5). The larger the OR, the higher the participants’ autonomy in a specific RTP domain.
The GMFCS level did not meet the significance criterion regarding having an association with intimate relationships (p = 0.07). The smallest OR value of GMFCS was associated with transportation (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1–0.5), then with sexuality (OR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1–0.9), and following that, with leisure (social activities) (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–1.0). The smaller the OR, the lower the autonomy.
4. Discussion
For young adults with CP living in Latvia, this is the first study that identifies their level of participation in the context of the developmental transition from adolescence to adult life and the influence of the level of disability, age, and gross motor function on the participation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that explores the transition theme for young adults with cerebral palsy in one of the post-Soviet countries.
This study presents (
Figure 1) the levels of participation in the context of the developmental transition and indicates the differences between minors (16–17 years) and adults (18–21 years). It has been previously shown that age is a significant factor when measuring readiness to transition to adult life [
11]. By 18 years of age, individuals obtain almost full legal rights and more life opportunities; therefore, it might seem obvious that differences are found between minors and adults in the context of the transition process and of participation. However, in our study, we also found low scores of participation domains at the age of ≥18 years. Only 9% of adult age participants were in phase 3 in the education and employment domain (having “paid job, volunteer work”) and 44% were still in phase 1 in the finance domain (dependent on adults for “pocket money, clothing allowance”). Other studies also report that young adults with CP demonstrate low rates of employment and management of their finances [
7,
9,
27,
28]. As discovered by Verhoef et al. [
9], in the age range of 20–24 years, young adults with CP have lower employment rates and higher unemployment rates than the general population. In our study, 78% of adult-aged participants in the housing domain were still in phase 1 (“living with parents, not responsible for household activities”) and little more than half, i.e., 57%, were in phase 3 (“young adult goes out in the evening with peers”) in the leisure (social activities) domain. Van der Slot et al. [
28] revealed that at least 60% of adults with CP experienced difficulties with recreation and housing, as well as mobility. Our study shows that in the transportation domain, more than one-third, i.e., 37%, were still in phase 1 (“parents or caregivers transport the young adult”—completely dependent on parents or caregivers). The most severe inexperience (phase 0) for adult-aged participants was in the domains of intimate relationships and sexuality with 56% (“no experience with dating”) and 59% (“no experience with French kissing”), respectively. Wiegerink and colleagues [
29] found that in the age range of 20–24 years, 45% of young adults with CP feel emotionally inhibited to initiate sexual contact, and for 90% of participants, sexuality was not discussed during the rehabilitation courses. Other research studies also emphasize the lack of experience and autonomy regarding this topic [
10,
27,
30].
In our study, we demonstrated the levels of difficulty in managing health-related domains according to WHODAS 2.0 (
Table 2). Participants were divided in two groups: less and more functional. In most cases, more functional participants showed higher scores regarding managing tasks at a significant level, i.e., mobility, self-care, life activities, and total score of WHODAS 2.0. Previous studies have also revealed that lower levels of functionality correlate with lower scores of activities associated with participation, e.g., employment [
9], leisure activities and transportation [
11], and self-care [
6]. In our research, we did not find significant differences between less- and more-functional young adults with CP and the WHODAS 2.0 domains of cognition (understanding and communicating) and getting along (interacting with other people). This might be explained by the fact that, in our study, we had participants with none or some/uncertain cognitive impairment. However, the underlying aspects should be studied in greater detail.
In the correlation analysis between the RTP participation domains and WHODAS 2.0 domains, we found moderate to strong correlations between the RTP transportation domain and WHODAS 2.0 mobility, self-care, and life activities domains. According to WHODAS 2.0 domain descriptions [
24], it can be assumed that the level of autonomy regarding the organization of their own transportation is associated with abilities in mobility (standing, moving around inside the home, getting out of the home and walking a long distance), self-care skills (bathing, dressing, eating, staying alone), and life activities, such as household, work, and school activities. Moderate to strong correlations were also found between the WHODAS 2.0 self-care domain and the RTP housing, intimate relationships, sexuality, and transportation domains. Self-care promotion is a crucial aim in rehabilitation [
16], and as our study shows, it has strong associations with many important life and participation aspects. A logistic binary regression revealed that the WHODAS 2.0 domain of self-care was not significant in terms of its influence on the RTP domain of intimate relationships. This might be explained by the fact that the intimate relationships domain does not necessarily involve physical contact, as the sexuality domain (kissing and intercourse) does. Other influencing factors were also significantly associated with RTP domains, i.e., cognition on leisure, mobility on transportation, self-care on sexuality and transportation, and life activities on transportation. Those with higher scores of certain WHODAS 2.0 domains (>2.0 point mean value) were more likely to develop higher autonomy in specific RTP domains.
According to our findings, age had significant, but weak, correlations with the RTP domains of education and employment, finance, housing, and sexuality. A logistic binary regression with these domains showed that the older the participant became, the more autonomy he/she achieved. Schmid et al. [
31] also found that with age, the level of autonomy in participation increased, with autonomy in sexuality being the last one to be achieved.
The GMFCS level significantly correlated with the RTP domains of leisure (social activities), intimate relationships, sexuality, and transportation. In contrast, a logistic binary regression revealed that the GMFCS level did not reach significance regarding the association with the RTP domain of intimate relationships. In our opinion, the possibilities of social media in the development of relationships might have a role in this [
32], and if a person is not developing a physical contact, the level of gross motor function, at some point, may not yet exert an influence. Logistic binary regression shows that low gross motor function is associated with lower autonomy in leisure (social activities), sexuality, and transportation. Jacobson et al. [
12] also revealed that for young adults with CP, their functional level has an influence on social participation aspects, such as socialization with friends and experience in intimate relationships (in this study, it was not categorized as being with or without sexual intercourse). Furthermore, Schmid et al. [
31] found that the autonomy in transportation is lower for those GMFCS levels III–V.
Implications for practice that arise from this study are the following: (1) When preparing an adolescent with CP for adult life, rehabilitation teams should pay attention to participation aspects, such as education and employment, financial independence, household managing and independent living, leisure activities, intimate and sexual education, and autonomy in transportation. (2) An increase in self-care abilities should be emphasized when preparing the adolescent with CP for autonomy, especially in aspects such as sexuality and transportation. (3) When promoting autonomy in leisure activities, attention should be paid to the improvement of cognitive function (understanding and communicating). (4) Even though mobility and gross motor function improvement is one of the main outcomes in the rehabilitation for children with CP, it still remains a participation-limiting problem in young adults; therefore, more emphasis should be put on the promotion of mobility. (5) Age is a certain indicator for the level of autonomy, but for young adults with CP in the context of participation, it cannot be taken as the only indicator, especially in aspects such as education and employment, finance, and sexuality. (6) The findings of this study serve as a rationale for the need for transition rehabilitation in Latvia and they may potentially be similar in other post-Soviet countries.
The limitations of this study are as follows: we did not have able-bodied peers as a reference group, and as this is a cross-sectional study, it does not give information on changes over time. In future research, an in depth qualitative study regarding the level of participation for young adults with CP living in Latvia is planned.