Indicators of Mental Health Disorder, COVID-19 Prevention Compliance and Vaccination Intentions among Refugees in Kenya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Data
2.2. Analytical Procedures and Estimated Models
3. Results
3.1. Vaccination Intentions and Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Refugees’ Exposure to Anxiety and Mental Health Disorders
3.3. Determinants of COVID-19 Contact Prevention and Immune Boosting Indicators
3.4. Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Explanatory Variables | Frequency | % | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccination intention (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 2388 | 81.81 | 0.8181 | - | 0 | 1 |
Urban residence (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 619 | 21.21 | 0.2121 | - | 0 | 1 |
No education (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 1034 | 35.43 | 0.3543 | - | 0 | 1 |
Primary Education (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 914 | 31.31 | 0.3131 | - | 0 | 1 |
Secondary Education (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 809 | 27.7 | 0.2770 | - | 0 | 1 |
Tertiary Education (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 163 | 5.57 | 0.0557 | - | 0 | 1 |
Age of respondent (years) | - | - | 35.1881 | 12.4804 | 18 | 85 |
Male respondent (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 1479 | 50.67 | 0.5067 | - | 0 | 1 |
Know infected person (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 248 | 8.5 | 0.0850 | - | 0 | 1 |
Number of market visits | - | - | 2.3340 | 2.3403 | 0 | 23 |
Number of people interacted with today | - | - | 4.8123 | 5.8020 | 0 | 50 |
Member lost jobs (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 67 | 2.3 | 0.0230 | - | 0 | 1 |
Members searched for jobs (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 1198 | 41.04 | 0.4104 | - | 0 | 1 |
Members accepted job offer (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 1282 | 43.92 | 0.4392 | - | 0 | 1 |
Members are employed (Yes = 1, 0 otherwise) | 787 | 26.96 | 0.2696 | - | 0 | 1 |
Immune boosting indicator | - | - | 0.0000 | 1.4455 | −0.8732 | 5.7879 |
Contact prevention index | - | - | 0.0000 | 1.5860 | −2.6992 | 3.2721 |
Days nervous | 0.7568 | 75.68 | 0.7568 | 1.2883 | 0 | 5 |
Days depressed | 0.4063 | 40.63 | 0.4063 | 0.9432 | 0 | 5 |
Days lonely | 0.3919 | 39.19 | 0.3919 | 0.9972 | 0 | 5 |
Days of physical reactions. | 0.505 | 50.5 | 0.5050 | 1.0122 | 0 | 5 |
Endogenous variables | ||||||
Contact prevention model residuals | - | - | 0.0000 | 1.1888 | −3.8144 | 3.9913 |
Immune boosting model residuals | - | - | 0.0000 | 0.9798 | −2.8548 | 4.9486 |
Instrumental variables | ||||||
Days hopeful | 1.0154 | 101.54 | 1.0154 | 1.6276 | 0 | 5 |
Anxiety index | - | - | 0.0000 | 1.9478 | −3.2889 | 2.8727 |
Contact Prevention Index | Immune Boosting Index | Anxiety Index | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component | Eigenvalue | Proportion | Eigenvalue | Proportion | Eigenvalue | Proportion |
Comp1 | 2.5155 | 0.2515 | 2.08949 | 0.3482 | 3.79379 | 0.4215 |
Comp2 | 1.90593 | 0.1906 | 1.16148 | 0.1936 | 1.74384 | 0.1938 |
Comp3 | 1.14161 | 0.1142 | 0.994806 | 0.1658 | 0.932152 | 0.1036 |
Comp4 | 0.960899 | 0.0961 | 0.825939 | 0.1377 | 0.739208 | 0.0821 |
Comp5 | 0.80813 | 0.0808 | 0.50399 | 0.0840 | 0.497656 | 0.0553 |
Comp6 | 0.656557 | 0.0657 | 0.424288 | 0.0707 | 0.411025 | 0.0457 |
Comp7 | 0.577343 | 0.0577 | 0.353058 | 0.0392 | ||
Comp8 | 0.547964 | 0.0548 | 0.28519 | 0.0317 | ||
Comp9 | 0.453091 | 0.0453 | 0.24408 | 0.0271 | ||
Comp10 | 0.432982 | 0.0433 |
Wave 4 (n = 1369) | Wave 5 (n = 1550) | All (n = 2919) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccination Intention | Frequency | % | Frequency | % | Frequency | % |
Agree to vaccination | 949 | 69.32 | 1444 | 93.16 | 2393 | 81.98 |
Disagree to vaccination | 425 | 31.04 | 106 | 6.84 | 531 | 18.19 |
Rural | 1077 | 78.67 | 1223 | 78.90 | 2300 | 78.79 |
Urban | 292 | 21.33 | 327 | 21.10 | 619 | 21.21 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 703 | 51.35 | 776 | 50.06 | 1479 | 50.67 |
Female | 666 | 48.65 | 774 | 49.94 | 1440 | 49.33 |
Education | ||||||
None | 522 | 38.13 | 519 | 33.48 | 1041 | 35.66 |
Primary | 405 | 29.58 | 506 | 32.65 | 911 | 31.21 |
Secondary | 374 | 27.32 | 432 | 27.87 | 806 | 27.61 |
Tertiary | 68 | 4.97 | 94 | 6.06 | 162 | 5.55 |
Age | ||||||
<20 | 54 | 3.94 | 63 | 4.06 | 117 | 4.01 |
20 < 30 | 493 | 36.01 | 529 | 34.13 | 1022 | 35.01 |
30 < 40 | 389 | 28.41 | 449 | 28.97 | 838 | 28.71 |
40 < 50 | 246 | 17.97 | 287 | 18.52 | 533 | 18.26 |
50 < 60 | 125 | 9.13 | 143 | 9.23 | 268 | 9.18 |
>=60 | 62 | 4.53 | 79 | 5.10 | 141 | 4.83 |
Variables | Coefficient | Std. Error | z Stat. | p > z |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Urban resident | −0.4607 | 0.1141 | −4.04 | 0.000 |
Age of respondent | 0.0098 | 0.0039 | 2.53 | 0.012 |
Male respondent | 0.1159 | 0.0740 | 1.57 | 0.117 |
Primary Education level | −0.1191 | 0.1141 | −1.04 | 0.297 |
Secondary Education level | 0.0508 | 0.1049 | 0.48 | 0.628 |
Tertiary Education level | −0.0865 | 0.1829 | −0.47 | 0.636 |
Social interactions | ||||
Know infected person | −0.4596 | 0.1567 | −2.93 | 0.003 |
Times visited markets in past 7 days | 0.4474 | 0.0806 | 5.55 | 0.000 |
People interacted with today | −0.0003 | 0.0071 | −0.04 | 0.965 |
Employment | ||||
Household member lost jobs | 1.5144 | 0.4438 | 3.41 | 0.001 |
Members searching for jobs | −0.2383 | 0.1044 | −2.28 | 0.022 |
Members accepted job offer | 1.4829 | 0.3823 | 3.88 | 0.000 |
Members are employed | 1.5289 | 0.2411 | 6.34 | 0.000 |
COVID-19 preventive indicators | ||||
Immune systems boosting indicator | 0.9087 | 0.3359 | 2.71 | 0.007 |
COVID-19 contact prevention indicator | −0.9113 | 0.2652 | −3.44 | 0.001 |
Anxiety and mental health | ||||
Number of days nervous, anxious | 0.3624 | 0.0835 | 4.34 | 0.000 |
Number of days depressed | 0.2437 | 0.0836 | 2.92 | 0.004 |
Number of days lonely | −0.0785 | 0.0500 | −1.57 | 0.116 |
Number of days of physical reactions | 0.2009 | 0.0557 | 3.60 | 0.000 |
Residuals | ||||
Residuals from Contact Index Regression Model | 1.1381 | 0.2674 | 4.26 | 0.000 |
Residuals from Immune Index Regression Model | −1.4775 | 0.3406 | −4.34 | 0.000 |
Constant term | −1.4490 | 0.5339 | −2.71 | 0.007 |
lnsig2u | −3.2124 | 2.7805 | ||
sigma_u | 0.2006 | 0.2789 | ||
Rho | 0.0387 | 0.1034 | ||
Number of observations | 2910 | |||
Wald chi2(21) | 218.81 | |||
Prob > chi2 | 0.0000 | |||
LR test of rho = 0: chibar2(01) = 0.14 |
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Oyekale, A.S. Indicators of Mental Health Disorder, COVID-19 Prevention Compliance and Vaccination Intentions among Refugees in Kenya. Medicina 2022, 58, 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081032
Oyekale AS. Indicators of Mental Health Disorder, COVID-19 Prevention Compliance and Vaccination Intentions among Refugees in Kenya. Medicina. 2022; 58(8):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081032
Chicago/Turabian StyleOyekale, Abayomi Samuel. 2022. "Indicators of Mental Health Disorder, COVID-19 Prevention Compliance and Vaccination Intentions among Refugees in Kenya" Medicina 58, no. 8: 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081032