Fish-Based Bioactives as Potent Nutraceuticals: Exploring the Therapeutic Perspective of Sustainable Food from the Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nutritional Profile of Fish
3. Fish as Nutraceuticals
4. Background of Fish Bioactive Compounds and Fishery By-Products
5. Global Fish Consumption and its Nutraceutical Market: Current Scenario and Future Trends
6. Importance and Necessity of Fish Bioactive Components as Dietary Intake
6.1. Fatty Acids: Power of Omega
6.2. Proteins and Amino Acids
6.3. Vitamins, Minerals, and Trace Elements
6.4. Carotenoids
6.5. Bioactive Peptides and Protein Hydrolysate
6.6. Chitin and Chitosan
6.7. Chondroitin, Glucosamine, and Hyaluronic Acid
6.8. Gelatin and Collagen
6.9. Squalene
7. Challenges and Complications
8. Future Perspectives and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutraceutical/Bioactive Components | Fish Species Rich in Specific Bioactive Components | Therapeutic Efficacy and Clinical Implications | References |
---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acids | |||
Omega 3 | Mackerel, Spiny dogfish, Black halibut, Salmon, Sardines | Anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective effects, visual and neurodevelopment, different cancers (breast, colorectal, prostate, etc.), asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, improve insulin sensitivity | [9,42,43,44,45] |
Omega 6 | Arctic Char, Sardine, Fried Calamari, Anchovies | Reduce risk of cardiovascular problems, ameliorate diseases such as arthritis and hypertension, increases vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression, oxidation, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, eicosanoid synthesis | [9,43,45] |
Amino Acids | |||
Arginine | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Required for the detoxification of ammonia, nutritionally essential for spermatogenesis, embryonic survival, fetal and neonatal growth, as well as maintenance of vascular tone and hemodynamics | [46] |
Histidine | Rastrelliger kanagurta, Catla catla | Precursor for several hormones (thyrotropin-release hormone), critical metabolite for renal functions, neurotransmission, gastric secretion and immune system, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, important for the regulation and metabolism of trace elements as well as precursor of histamine | [47,48] |
Isoleucine | Oncorhynchusmykiss, Labeo rohita | Help in muscle formation and proper growth | [49] |
Lysine | Stolephorus waitei, Rastrelliger kanagurta, S. commersonii | Needed for optimal growth and to act as an immunomodulator, prevention and treatment of cold sores | [49] |
Methionine | Stolephorus waitei, Tor putitora | Used at multiple levels in cellular metabolism, as a protein constituent, in the initiation of mRNA translation, and as a regulatory molecule in the form of S-adenosylmethionine | [50] |
Phenylalanine | Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla | Precursor for tyrosine | [51] |
Threonine | Thunnus albacores, Nemipterus japonicus | Plays a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity and barrier function | [52] |
Tyrosine | Oncorhynchus mykiss, Tor putitora | Precursor of dopamine and norepinephrine | [53] |
Valine | Nemipterus japonicas, Cirrhinus mrigala | Protein synthesis, glucose homeostasis, anti-obesity, and nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways | [54] |
Glutamine | Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla, Labeo rohita | Act as substrate for nucleotide synthesis (purines, pyrimidines, and amino sugars), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), antioxidants, and many other biosynthetic pathways involved in the maintenance of cellular integrity and function | [55] |
Glycine | Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla, Labeo rohita | Help in regulation of gene expression, protein configuration and activity, and several biological functions, such as glutathione synthesis. Low plasma glycine concentrations have been consistently reported in association with obesity and type 2 diabetes | [56,57] |
Proline | Oncorhynchus mykiss, Tor putitora | Important role in differentiation of cells as well as fetus and associated with extra-embryonic membrane and development | [58] |
Alanine | Polypedates maculates | Helps in biosynthesis of proteins, serves as an important carbon source for hepatic gluconeogenesis | [59] |
Aspartic acid | Labeo niloticus | Treatment for chronic fatigue due to the role it plays in generating cellular energy | [59] |
Glutamic acid | Labeo niloticus | Surfactants, buffer, chelating agents, flavor enhancer, agriculture, acts as fuel, immune function | [59,60] |
Leucine | Lethrinus harak | Leucine promotes energy metabolism (glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation) to provide energy for protein synthesis, while inhibiting protein degradation | [59,61] |
Serine | Mugil cephalus | Cellular homeostasis, proliferation, and differentiation | [59,62] |
Vitamins | |||
Vitamin A | Amblypharyngodon mola | Growth promoter, helps in poor eyesight, helps in bone growth | [3,6] |
Vitamin D | Amblypharyngodon mola, Sardinella longiceps | Rickets, osteomalacia, improve bone density | [3,13] |
Vitamin B Complex | Black sea fish, Shellfish | Responsible for converting food to energy in the cells of the body and helps with the function of nerve tissue | [6,63] |
Minerals | |||
Iron | Sperata seenghala, Rita rita | Help in synthesis of hemoglobin in red blood cells | [13] |
Zinc | Sperata seenghala, Rita rita | Important role in growth and development as well in the proper functioning of the immune system and for healthy skin. Helps in cell division, cell growth, wound healing, and breakdown of carbohydrates. Essential for senses of smell and taste | [6] |
Calcium | Xenentodon cancila, Gudusia chapra | Essential for strong bones (formation and mineralization) and for the normal functioning of muscles and the nervous system | [6] |
Iodine | - | Important for hormones that regulate body metabolism, and in children it is required for growth and normal mental development | [6] |
Carotenoids | |||
Astaxanthine, Beta carotene, Zeaxanthin and lutein | Freshwater fish, red fishes, and other fishes | Antioxidant, cancer, neurological disorder, cardiovascular, anti-atherogenic, ophthalmology, psoriasis, preservative, cosmetics | [64,65] |
Other Bioactive Components | |||
Bioactive Peptides | Fish protein, fish by-products, and muscle | Antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobials, and anti-proliferative effects | [66,67] |
Chitin and Chitosan | Fish waste product (fish scale) | Wound healing accelerator, reduces blood cholesterol levels, anti-ulcer agent, anti-ageing, cosmetics, ophthalmology | [68,69,70] |
Chondroitin | Fish waste product | Osteoarthritis, dietary supplement | [71] |
Glucosamine | Fish waste product | Anti-inflammatory, osteoarthritis, dietary supplement | [71,72] |
Gelatin | Fish waste product | Pharmaceutical industries, food industries, microencapsulation of vitamin, stabilizer in dairy products, cosmetics | [73,74,75,76] |
Collagen | Fish waste product | In osteoarthritis, hypertension, tissue engineering, antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, and anti-skin ageing | [9,76] |
Squalene | Scardinius erthrophthalmus, Tinca tinca | Cardio-protective, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, antifungal, and anticancer | [77,78,79] |
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Share and Cite
Ashraf, S.A.; Adnan, M.; Patel, M.; Siddiqui, A.J.; Sachidanandan, M.; Snoussi, M.; Hadi, S. Fish-Based Bioactives as Potent Nutraceuticals: Exploring the Therapeutic Perspective of Sustainable Food from the Sea. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050265
Ashraf SA, Adnan M, Patel M, Siddiqui AJ, Sachidanandan M, Snoussi M, Hadi S. Fish-Based Bioactives as Potent Nutraceuticals: Exploring the Therapeutic Perspective of Sustainable Food from the Sea. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18(5):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050265
Chicago/Turabian StyleAshraf, Syed Amir, Mohd Adnan, Mitesh Patel, Arif Jamal Siddiqui, Manojkumar Sachidanandan, Mejdi Snoussi, and Sibte Hadi. 2020. "Fish-Based Bioactives as Potent Nutraceuticals: Exploring the Therapeutic Perspective of Sustainable Food from the Sea" Marine Drugs 18, no. 5: 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050265