Cyanotoxins in Epipelic and Epiphytic Cyanobacteria from a Hypersaline Coastal Lagoon, an Environmental Hazard in Climate Warming Times and a Potential Source of New Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Morphological and Molecular Identification
2.2. Cyanotoxins
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Sampling
4.3. Isolation and Culture
4.4. Morphological Taxonomic Identification
4.5. DNA Extraction, Sequencing and Data Analysis
4.6. Toxins Extractions
4.7. LC-MS/MS Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | MC-YR μg/g | MC-LF μg/g | MC-LW μg/g | MC-LY μg/g | [D-Asp3] MC-LR μg/g | STX μg/g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Synechococcus 2004 | 0.56 | <LoQ | - | <LoQ | <LoQ | - |
Toxifilum 2032 | 22.22 | - | <LoQ | - | - | 29.63 |
Nodosilinea 2035 | 6.63 | - | - | - | - | - |
Nodosilinea 2040 | 3.68 | - | - | - | - | - |
Geitlerinema 2042 | 6.06 | - | - | - | - | - |
Nodosilinea 2060 | 3.43 | - | - | - | - | - |
Pseudanabaena 2122 | 11.44 | - | - | - | - | 21.45 |
Phormidium 2058 | 1.20 | - | - | - | - | - |
Sampling Point | Localities | Habitat | Depth (cm) | Conductivity mS/cm | NO3 mg/L | PO4 mg/L |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Breakwater Punta Brava, Los Urrutias | Epiphyte Cymodocea | 20 | 30–48.2 | 65.8–68.3 | 1.2–2.2 |
2 | Mouth Rambla Albujón, Los Narejos | Epipelic | 5 | 35–62 | 87.1–103.2 | <0.01–12.8 |
3 | Mouth Rambla Miranda, El Carmolí | Epipelic | 5 | 28–40 | 68.9–74.2 | 1.6–3.4 |
4 | Mouth Rambla del Miedo, Los Urrutias | Epipelic | 8 | 30–75 | 68.8–86.1 | <0.01–1.1 |
5 | Mouth Rambla Fangal, Cartagena Port | Epipelic | 10 | 56–57 | 28.6–49.9 | <0.01 |
6 | Rambla de Benipila, Algameca Chica | Epipelic | 10 | 56–57 | 21.4–64.2 | <0.01 |
7 | Molino Derribado, San Pedro del Pinatar | Epiphyte Cymodocea | 25 | 25–49.5 | 48.9–76.5 | 0.8–1.9 |
8 | Villananitos, San Pedro del Pinatar | Epiphyte Cymodocea | 20 | 25–49.5 | 60.1–61.3 | 0.6–2.2 |
Compound | Formula | m/z | MS/MS | RT (min) | LoD (μg/mL) | LoQ (μg/mL) | Linear Range (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATX-a | C10H15NO | 166.1241 | 130.0498 | 0.66 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001–1 |
STX | C10H17N7O4 | 300.1415 | 204.0882 | 0.42 | 0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0001–0.25 |
MC-RR | C49H75N13O12 | 519.7902 (+2) | 213.0875 | 1.25 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001–2.5 |
NOD | C41H60N8O10 | 825.451 | 135.0805 | 2.46 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001–5 |
[D-Asp3] MC-LR | C48H72N10O12 | 981.5404 | 135.0805 | 3.31 | 0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0001–0.5 |
MC-LF | C52H71N7O12 | 986.5233 | 164.9845 | 4.89 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001–0.75 |
MC-LR | C49H74N10O12 | 995.5567 | 599.3553 | 3,33 | 0.0005 | 0.002 | 0.0005–1 |
MC-LY | C52H71N7O13 | 1002.5183 | 213.0875 | 4.44 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001–5 |
MC-LW | C54H72N8O12 | 1025.532 | 517.2761 | 4.78 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001–5 |
MC-YR | C52H72N10O13 | 1045.5316 | 135.0804 | 3.18 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001–5 |
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Gómez-Leyva, Y.; Torrecillas, A.; Aboal, M. Cyanotoxins in Epipelic and Epiphytic Cyanobacteria from a Hypersaline Coastal Lagoon, an Environmental Hazard in Climate Warming Times and a Potential Source of New Compounds. Mar. Drugs 2024, 22, 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22080334
Gómez-Leyva Y, Torrecillas A, Aboal M. Cyanotoxins in Epipelic and Epiphytic Cyanobacteria from a Hypersaline Coastal Lagoon, an Environmental Hazard in Climate Warming Times and a Potential Source of New Compounds. Marine Drugs. 2024; 22(8):334. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22080334
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez-Leyva, Yerai, Alejandro Torrecillas, and Marina Aboal. 2024. "Cyanotoxins in Epipelic and Epiphytic Cyanobacteria from a Hypersaline Coastal Lagoon, an Environmental Hazard in Climate Warming Times and a Potential Source of New Compounds" Marine Drugs 22, no. 8: 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22080334