Comprehensive Assessment of Herbicide Toxicity on Navicula sp. Algae: Effects on Growth, Chlorophyll Content, Antioxidant System, and Lipid Metabolism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Herbicides on the Growth Density of Navicula
2.2. Effect of Herbicides on the Chlorophyll Content of Navicula
2.3. Effect of Herbicides on the Antioxidant Activities of Navicula
2.4. Effect of Herbicides on the Lipid Composition of Navicula
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Algae Growth and Cultivation
4.3. Algal Toxicity
4.4. Measurement of Cell Density
4.5. Quantification of Pigment Concentration
4.6. Assessment of the Antioxidative Activities
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Serial Number | Abbreviation | Details |
1 | ATZ | atrazine |
2 | ACT | acetochlor |
3 | Gly | glyphosate |
4 | EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
5 | EC | European Commission |
6 | Chlla | chlorophyll a |
7 | Chllb | chlorophyll b |
8 | SS | soluble sugar |
9 | SP | soluble protein |
10 | ROS | reactive oxygen species |
11 | MDA | malondialdehyde |
12 | SOD | superoxide dismutase |
13 | CAT | catalase |
14 | POD | peroxidase |
15 | FP | free proline |
16 | FA | fatty acid |
17 | SFAs | saturated fatty acids |
18 | MUFAs | monounsaturated fatty acids |
19 | PUFAs | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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Compound | Molecular Formula | Molecular Structure | Molecular Weight |
---|---|---|---|
Atrazine | C8H14CIN5 | 215.68 | |
Glyphosate | C3H8NO5P | 169.07 | |
Acetochlor | C14H20CINO2 | 269.77 |
Serial Number | Treatments | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | CK | Control |
2 | ATZ-G1 | Atrazine 100 µg L−1 |
3 | ATZ-G2 | Atrazine 300 µg L−1 |
4 | Gly-G1 | Glyphosate 100 µg L−1 |
5 | Gly-G2 | Glyphosate 300 µg L−1 |
6 | ACT-G1 | Acetochlor 100 µg L−1 |
7 | ACT-G2 | Acetochlor 300 µg L−1 |
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Zheng, C.; Yang, J.; Wang, Y.; Ahmed, W.; Khan, A.; Li, J.; Weng, J.; Mehmood, S.; Li, W. Comprehensive Assessment of Herbicide Toxicity on Navicula sp. Algae: Effects on Growth, Chlorophyll Content, Antioxidant System, and Lipid Metabolism. Mar. Drugs 2024, 22, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090387
Zheng C, Yang J, Wang Y, Ahmed W, Khan A, Li J, Weng J, Mehmood S, Li W. Comprehensive Assessment of Herbicide Toxicity on Navicula sp. Algae: Effects on Growth, Chlorophyll Content, Antioxidant System, and Lipid Metabolism. Marine Drugs. 2024; 22(9):387. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090387
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Chunyan, Jie Yang, Yunting Wang, Waqas Ahmed, Amir Khan, Jiannan Li, Jiechang Weng, Sajid Mehmood, and Weidong Li. 2024. "Comprehensive Assessment of Herbicide Toxicity on Navicula sp. Algae: Effects on Growth, Chlorophyll Content, Antioxidant System, and Lipid Metabolism" Marine Drugs 22, no. 9: 387. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090387